T11 - Origin of Eukaryotes

Question 1

How are DNA stored in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 1

within a nucleus

Question 2

T/F: Like prokaryotes, eukaryotes do not have membrane-bound organelles.

Answer 2

FALSE. They do, such as miutochondria and chloroplasts.

Question 3

T/F: Eukaryote cells are much larger than prokayote cells

Answer 3

TRUE

Question 4

Cytoskeleton

Answer 4

and internal network of proteins that allow eukaryotes to change shape, move, transfer substances in and out of the cell

Question 5

Phagocytosis

Answer 5

engulfment of particles through a eukaryote’s cytoskeleton

Question 6

T/F: both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have cytoskeletons.

Answer 6

FALSE. only eukaryotes have cytoskeletons.

Question 7

T/F: Neither prokaryotes nor eukaryotes have dynamic membranes.

Answer 7

FALSE. Eukaryotes, not prokaryotes, have dynamic membranes

Question 8

What are the purposes of dynamic membranes?

Answer 8

to facilitate movement and feeding of a eukaryotic cell

Question 9

T/F: Eukaryotes, but not prokaryotes, use sexual reproduction.

Answer 9

TRUE

Question 10

Meiosis

Answer 10

the creation of unique gametes through the recombination of the chromosome and the independent assortment of alleles

Question 11

Fertilization

Answer 11

The fusion of gametes at random and the creation of unique allele combinations

Question 12

Symbiosis

Answer 12

the close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms

Question 13

ENDOsymbiosis

Answer 13

a symbiosis where one organism lives inside another organism’s cells or tissues

Question 14

endosymbiont

Answer 14

the organism that lives within the host

Question 15

The endosymbiont theory

Answer 15

mitochondria and plastids were once small prokaryotes within larger host cells that evolved

cyanobacteria –> chloroplasts
mitochondria –> alpha proteobacteria

Question 16

how did mitochondrion evolve?

Answer 16

heterotrophic prokaryotes took on endosymbiotic aerobic alpha-proteobacteria

Question 17

How did chloroplasts evolve?

Answer 17

heterotrophic prokaryote acquired photosynthetic prokaryote, the cyanobacterium

Question 18

primary endosymbiosis

Answer 18

prokaryotic cells are taken up as endosymbionts by eukaryotic or other prokaryotic cells

Question 19

secondary endosymbiosis

Answer 19

eukaryotic cells are taken up as endosymbionts only by other eukaryotic cells

Question 20

What are some evidences of the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and plastids?

Answer 20

1. similar genomes
2. all having double membranes
3. division via binary dission
4. similar organelle ribosomes
5. similar size and structure

Question 21

what are the evolutionary advantages of multicellularity?

Answer 21

• cell specialization
• increased size and complexity
• longer life span
• avoidance of predation

Question 22

T/F: Eukaryotes and bacteria are more closely related to each other than to bacteria

Answer 22

FALSE. Eukaryotes and archaea are more closely related to each other

Question 23

Protists

Answer 23

• mostly unicellular eukaryotes
• informal name

Question 24

Is the group “protist” monophyletic?

Answer 24

NO. excludes plants, animals, fungi

Question 25

Where does the diversity in protists come from?

Answer 25

• Nutritional diversity
• The endosymbiosis of different prokaryotes.