T12 - Diversity of Protists Flashcards
Three clades within excavata
- diplomonads
- Parabasalids
- euglenozoans
What are characteristics of diplomonads and parabasalids?
- how many cells?
- nutritional mode?
- characterizing difference?
- ecological role?
- unicellular, heterotrophic
- have modified mitochondria
- live in anaerobic environments
- often parasites
Characteristics of euglenozoans as a whole
spiral/crystalline rods inside flagella
includes predatory heterotrophs, photoautotrophs, and parasites
two types of euglenozoans
kinetoplastids and euglenids
Kineoplastids
have kinetoplasts
heterotrophic
kinetoplasts
large masses of DNA
Euglenids
have 1-2 flagella at one end of the cell
mixotrophs (both AUTO and HETEROtrophs)
What is the evolutionary hypothesis of the SAR clade in terms of photosynthetic red alga?
secondary endosymbiosis: eukaryote inside eukaryote
What are the three clades within the SAR supergroup?
Is the SAR supergroup polyphyletic?
- Stramenopiles
- Alveolates
- Rhizarians
No, the SAR group is monophyletic.
3 types of stramenophiles
characteristics of stramenophiles
diatoms, brown algae, oomycetes
- the S in SAR clade
characteristics of diatoms
- Stramenophiles in the SAR clade
- unicellular
- diverse
- marine phytoplankton
- silica wall
- both ace and sexual
characteristics of brown algae
- Stramenophiles in the SAR clade
- multicellular
- seaweeds
- no true roots, stems, or leaves
- alternation of generations
what is special about the alternation of generations for brown algae stramenopiles?
the creation of zoopores
SEXUAL
Characteristics of oomycetes
- Stramenophiles in the SAR clade
- filamentous, but NOT FUNGI
- heterotrophic
- both sexual and asexual
- decomposers and parasites
Characteristics of clade alveolata
- the A in SAR clade
- membrane-bound sacs (alveoli)
3 types of alveolates
- Dinoflagellates
- apicomplexans
- ciliates
Characteristics of Dinoflagellates
- alveolates in the SAR clade
- two flagella and alveoli supports cellulose plates
- diverse: aquatic photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs, mixotrophs
- marine and freshwater phytoplankton
Characteristics of apicomplexans
- alveolates in the SAR clade
- parasites
- spread via sporozoites
- require 2+ hosts
sporozoites
the infectious cells that define apicomplexans
zoospores
the spores brown algae specifically produce
Characteristics of ciliates
- alveolates in the SAR clade
- use cilia to move and feed
- ACE, but can conjugate
Characteristics of Rhizarians
- the R in SAR clade
- most are amoebas with threadlike psydopodia
- heterotrophs
amoebas
protists that move and feed via pseudopodia
psuedopodia
extensions of an amoeba’s cell surface
Characteristics of archaeplastidia?
- cell walls made of cellulose
characteristics of the label “algae”
- polyphyletic
- single and multicellular
- many are aquatic
Characteristics of red algae
- clade archaeplastidia
- red via pigment
- multicellular
- sexual reproduction
characteristics of green algae
- clade archaeplastidia
- paraphyletic
- freshwater
- evolved to plants
two types of green algae
- chlorophytes
- charophytes (most related to land plants)
characteristics of clade unikonta
- heterotophic
- most have one flagellum, some none
- root remains unsolved
two clades under unikonta
- amoebozoans
- opsthokonts
characteristics of amoebozoans
- in the unikonta clade
- lobe/tube-like shaped pseudopodia
- mostly unicellular, and can make multicellular structures
What three groups are under amoebosoans?
- slime moulds
- tubulinids
- entamoebas
Characteristics of slime moulds
- part of amoebozoans in group unikonta
- two types: plasmodial and cellular slime moulds
plasmodial slime moulds
- unicellular supercell
- brightly pigmented
- form a mass AKA plasmodium
cellular slime moulds
- multicellular aggregates - cells separate by membranes
characteristics of tubulinids
- part of amoebozoans in group unikonta
- diverse
- unicellular
- lobe/tube-shaped pseudopodia
characteristics of entamoebas
- part of amoebozoans in group unikonta
- intestinal parasites
