T27 - Clade Vertrbrata

Question 1

What phylum is clade vertebrata in?

Answer 1

chordata

Question 3

What phylum does clade Vertebra reside in?

Answer 3

Phylum Chordata

Question 4

The vertebral column is a shared, derived trait of clade vertebrata. What part of their predecessor’s body plan does the verbral column replace?

Answer 4

Notocord

Question 5

function of the vertebral column

Answer 5

rigidity, attachment sites of muscles

Question 6

What are the 6 shared, derived traits of Clade Vertebrata?

HINT: all of them are related to body plan

Answer 6

1. vertebral column
2. cranium
3. 2+ Hox genes
4. Neural crest cells
5. dorsal, anal, and tail fins
6. modified circulatory system

Question 7

is it possible for vertebrates to have no backbone?

Answer 7

yes e.g. hagfishes and lampreys

they also do not have jaws

Question 8

Cytostomes (jawless vertebrates) body plan

Answer 8

• jawless
• no backbone, only rudimentary vertebrae

Question 9

What is the body plan of Hagfishes (Myxini)? CVC

Answer 9

• cartilaginous cranium
• reduced vertebrae
• flexible cartilage rod

Question 10

What are the ecological roles of Hagfishes (Myxini)?

Answer 10

• marine-living
• scavengers

Question 11

What do Hargishes (Myxini) do when attacked?

Answer 11

excude fibrous slimes

Question 12

What is the body plan of Lampreys (Petromyzontida)?

What body parts come with their cartilaginous skeleton? what fins do they have?

Answer 12

• cartilaginous skeleton WITH:
  
  • more elaborate jawless cranium
  • gill basket
  • rudimentary vertebral elements
  • notochord with cartilaginous segments
• ONLY dorsal and tail fins

Question 13

What are the ecological roles of Lampreys (Petromyzontida)?

Answer 13

marine parasites (of fish)

Question 14

What are the 6 shared, derived traits of Clade Gnathostomes?

Answer 14

Go further: describe each of these traits:
1. Opposing jaws
2. mineralization of skeleton
3. two pairs of lateral appendages
4. four sets of hox genes
5. enlarged forebrain
6. lateral line system

Question 15

Ossification

Answer 15

becoming bone

cartilage –> bone

Question 16

cartilage

Answer 16

flexible connective tissue with an abundance of collagenous fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate

Question 17

how do bones form in gnathostomes?

Answer 17

through the ossification of cartilage in the development of the embryo with calcium phosphate

Question 18

What is the body plan of Chonrichthyans? cartilaginous fish with cartilage ____ and Bony ____?

Answer 18

cartilaginous fish
- cartilage endoskeleton
- bony teeth
- bony placoid scales

Question 19

What are the habitats of Hargishes (Myxini)?

Answer 19

mostly marine, some freshwater

Question 20

What is the body plan of Sharks?

Answer 20

• denser than water, swimming constantly
• get water in their gills vial buccal pumping
• cloacas and acute sensory systems
• copulating sexual reproduction

Question 21

What are the ecological roles of sharks?

Answer 21

can be suspension-feeders of zooplankton, mostly carnivores

Question 22

buccal pumping

Answer 22

when an organism gulps water through their mouths to ventilate their gills

Question 23

cloaca

Answer 23

a posterior orifice for emptying digestive and urinary waste AND reproductive tracts

Question 24

explain the three sensory systems of sharks:
1. nostrils
2. electroreceptors
3. lateral line system

Answer 24

1. olfactory receptors
2. detection of electrical fields of nearby animals
3. detecting vibrations in water

Question 25

explain shark copulation

Answer 25

male claspers deliver sperm into female cloaca

Question 26

oviparous

Answer 26

fertilized eggs hatch out of mother

Question 27

ovoviviparous

Answer 27

embryo develops within uterous, nourished by egg yolk

Question 28

viviparous

Answer 28

embryo develops within uterous, nourished by yolk-sac placenta from mother’s blood

Question 29

what are the three ways embryos develop in sharks?

Answer 29

1. oviparous
2. ovoviviparous
3. viviparous