T16 - Gymniosperms

Question 1

The components of a seed

Answer 1

[embryo + nutrients (food spupply)] in a protective seed coat

seeds are plant turduckens

Question 2

Shared, derived traits of seed plants

Answer 2

1. reduced gametophytes
2. heterspory and non-dispersed spores
3. ovules
4. pollen
5. seeds

Question 3

What are the relative dominance and independences of gametophytes and sporophytes in non-vascular plants?

Answer 3

GAMETOPHYTES: independent, dominant
SPOROPHYTES: dependent

Question 4

What are the relative dominance and independences of gametophytes and sporophytes in seedLESS vascular plants?

Answer 4

GAMETOPHYTES: independent
SPOROPHYTES: dominant, independent

Question 5

What are the relative dominance and independences of gametophytes and sporophytes in seed vascular plants?

Answer 5

GAMETOPHYTES: microscopic, dependent
SPOROPHYTES: independent, dominant

Question 6

What structure and type of spore produces male gametophytes in ALL seed plants?

Answer 6

MICROsporangia, MICROspores

Question 7

What structure and type of spore produces female gametophytes in ALL seed plants?

Answer 7

MEGAsporangia, MEGAspores

Question 8

T/F: Spores are technically dispersed in seed plants because they are seeds.

Answer 8

FALSE. Spores are not seeds, and they are not dispersed in seed plants

Question 9

What are the 3 components of ovules, from external to internal?

Answer 9

1. integuments (2n) - protection
2. megasporangium (2n)
3. megaspore (n)

Question 10

What is the purpose of ovules?

Answer 10

the housing center of fertilization, they develop into seeds

Question 11

What is the role of pollen in seed plants?

Answer 11

they carry MALE gametophytes?

Question 12

What is the protective wall around pollen grains called?

Answer 12

sporopollenin

Question 13

What cell process creates male gametophytes?

Answer 13

mitosis

Question 14

What two cells compose male gametophytes? What do they become after pollination?

Answer 14

1. Generative cells –> sperm nuclei
2. Tube cell –> pollen tube

Question 15

integument

Answer 15

the protective lining of an ovule, houses the megasporangium and megaspore

Question 16

Describe in general terms the fertilization process through pollen

Answer 16

The pollen encounters the ovule, the pollen tube reaches out to discharge sperm nuclei within the ovule

Question 17

What are the 3 evolutionary advantages seeds have over spores?

Answer 17

1. transportation through air, water, or animals
2. external coats that protect the embryo
3. supply of stored food

Question 17

What two groups in supergroup archaeplastidia fertilize AND disperse through air?

Answer 17

seed plants: gymnosperms and angiosperms

Question 18

What two groups in supergroup archaeplastidia fertilize in water BUT disperse through air?

Answer 18

byrophytes (liverworts, mosses, hornworts) and seedless vascular plants (lycophytes and monilophytes)

Question 19

What are the two types of seed plants?

Answer 19

Gymniosperms and Angiosperms

Question 20

Why were gymniosperms abundant during the Mesozoic period?

Answer 20

Changing drier conditions

Question 21

where are most gymnosperms found today?

Answer 21

conifers in northern latitudes

Question 22

the 4 phyla under gymnosperms

Answer 22

1. cycadophyta
2. gingkophyta
3. gnetophyta
4. coniferophyta

Question 23

are gymnosperms paraphyletic?

Answer 23

NO, they are monophyletic

Question 24

What are distinguishing characteristics of cycadophyta?

Answer 24

* large, palm-like leaves on unbranched stems * flagellated sperm

Question 25

What are distinguishing characteristics of phylum ginkgophyta?

Answer 25

* bi-lobed leaves * separate male and female sporophyte trees * no longer wild

Question 26

What are distinguishing characteristics of phylum gnetophyta?

Answer 26

morphologically diverse, with 3 genera: *gnetum, ephedra, and welwitschia*

Question 27

What are distinguishing characteristics of phylum coniferophyta?

Answer 27

* dominant before angiosperms * mostly everygreens, all cone-bearing * adapted to cold, dry, habitats

Question 28

What are the three key features of the gymnosperm life cycle?

Answer 28

1. dominant sporophyte generation 2. OVULES --> seeds 3. POLLEN = male gametophyte

Question 29

Explain the heterosporous development of the pine tree's cones

Answer 29

1. small cones found higher in the tree have pollen 2. big cones found lower in the tree have ovules

Question 30

What are distinguishing characteristics of pinecones?

Answer 30

* pollination via wind * seed dispersal via wind * slow fertilization and seed development processes