T1: Revisely AI flashcards
Describe the aim of Charles I during his Personal Rule from 1629 to 1640.
The aim was to not call Parliament and to govern effectively, focusing on achieving economic stability, implementing religious policies, and executing governmental policies.
Explain the significance of the dissolution of Parliament during Charles I’s reign.
The dissolution marked a turning point towards civil war, with some perceiving it as an attempt to create an absolute monarchy. However, there was little national reaction, as many justified it due to the behavior of MPs.
How did Charles I demonstrate effective leadership during his Personal Rule?
He met regularly with the Privy Council and spent many hours daily with his advisors, showing commitment to governance.
Define the role of the Privy Council during Charles I’s Personal Rule.
The Privy Council was led by efficient administrators like William Laud and Thomas Wentworth, who, despite being unpopular, helped manage the government effectively.
What financial measures did Charles I implement between 1630 and 1636?
He signed the Treaty of Madrid, reducing annual war spending significantly, and focused on the crown’s finances by introducing new impositions and reviving feudal payments.
Describe the impact of the monopoly licenses issued by Charles I.
The revival of monopoly licenses, such as the 1634 soap patent, caused public resentment due to increased prices and negative effects on businesses, particularly since the company awarded the monopoly was Catholic.
Explain the controversy surrounding ship money during Charles I’s reign.
Ship money was an annual levy established to fund the navy, which became controversial as Charles made it a nationwide tax without Parliamentary approval, leading to widespread resentment.
How did Charles I’s financial strategies affect his relationship with Parliament?
By raising money through measures like ship money without Parliamentary grants, Charles created worry and tension, contributing to the deterioration of his relationship with Parliament.
What was the annual expenditure on war during Charles I’s Personal Rule compared to the previous years?
Annual expenditure on war dropped from £500,000 during 1625-1629 to less than £70,000 in the 1630s after the Treaty of Madrid.
Discuss the public perception of Charles I’s Personal Rule in its early years.
The first few years of Personal Rule were relatively calm, with Charles being viewed as an effective leader despite the underlying tensions regarding his governance style.
Describe the role of William Laud in the Church during 1629-36.
William Laud was an Arminian who became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633. He demanded strict adherence to church rules and increased formality and ritual, leading to the deprivation of ministers who resisted, many of whom emigrated to New England.
Explain the changes made to churches under Laud’s influence.
Churches were focused on hierarchy, decorated with statues, organs were restored, altars were moved to the East end, and there was an increase in color, resembling Catholic practices.
How did the Catholic influences manifest in the English court during this period?
The Catholic queen and a more Catholic court emerged, with the queen encouraging participation in Catholic worship. From 1635, the Pope’s ambassador was welcomed at court, indicating a close relationship.
Define the significance of the Hampden Case in 1637/8.
The Hampden Case was significant as it involved John Hampden’s legal challenge against the King regarding ship money, which was found in favor of the King by a narrow margin (7-5), reflecting general hostility towards Charles.
Do you know the consequences faced by Puritan writers who opposed Arminianism?
In 1637, the Star Chamber sentenced three Puritan writers—Burton, Bastwick, and Prynne—who published attacks on the government and Arminianism. They were punished by having their ears cut off, being branded, and imprisoned.
Explain the Puritan response to the changes in the Church during Laud’s tenure.
Puritans in London actively resisted by attacking and destroying statues in churches, reflecting their opposition to the Arminian changes and the perceived move towards Catholicism.
What was the outcome of the ship money collection in 1639?
Only 20% of the ship money was collected in 1639, leading to a taxpayers’ strike and passive resistance against the King’s demands.
Describe the political alliances formed against Charles I during 1636-40.
John Pym and his parliamentary allies, including the Duke of Bedford and John Hampden, represented the first resistance to Charles I, particularly among the gentry and Puritans.
How did Laud’s policies affect ministers in the Church?
Laud’s policies demanded strict adherence to church rules, resulting in the deprivation of ministers who resisted, many of whom chose to emigrate to New England.
Explain the role of the prerogative courts during Laud’s time.
The prerogative courts, where judges were chosen by the King, silenced anyone who spoke out against Arminianism, reflecting the oppressive measures taken against dissenters.
Describe the impact of Charles I’s decisions on Scotland during the Personal Rule.
Charles I’s decisions, including the introduction of the 1636 Book of Canons and the 1637 Book of Common Prayer, aimed to enforce religious uniformity in Scotland. This led to significant backlash, including riots and the formation of the National Covenant by Scottish clergy and nobility.
Explain the significance of the National Covenant in 1638.
The National Covenant was significant as it represented a collective effort by Scottish clergy and nobility to defend the Presbyterian Church (Kirk) and restore their religious rights, marking a pivotal moment in the opposition against Charles I’s policies.
How did Charles I’s lack of understanding of Scottish society affect his rule?
Charles I’s lack of understanding of Scottish society and governance led to misjudgments, such as his distrust of the Scottish Privy Council and the enforcement of his Personal Rule, which ultimately fueled opposition and conflict.
What were the consequences of the First Bishops’ War in 1639?
The First Bishops’ War resulted in both sides raising armies, with Charles I relying on poorly funded civilian soldiers. It ended with Charles being forced to sign the Treaty of Berwick, which temporarily halted hostilities.
Define the term ‘Short Parliament’ and its significance in 1640.
The ‘Short Parliament’ was convened by Charles I in April 1640 due to financial pressures from the conflict with Scotland. It lasted only three weeks and was significant because it highlighted Charles’s inability to address grievances and resulted in its dissolution without securing necessary funds.
What led to the Second Bishops’ War and its outcome?
The Second Bishops’ War was prompted by Charles I’s poorly organized and ill-equipped army, many of whom sympathized with the Scots. The war ended in defeat for Charles, leading to the signing of the Treaty of Ripon, which required him to pay the Scots £850 a day while they occupied Newcastle.
How did the Scottish Troubles reflect the relationship between England and Scotland during Charles I’s reign?
The Scottish Troubles illustrated a strained relationship between England and Scotland, characterized by Charles I’s attempts to impose English religious practices on Scotland, leading to widespread resistance and military conflict.
What was the role of civilian soldiers in Charles I’s military campaigns against Scotland?
Civilian soldiers played a crucial role in Charles I’s military campaigns against Scotland due to his lack of funds, but their lack of training and equipment contributed to the overall ineffectiveness of his military efforts.
Explain the significance of the Treaty of Ripon in October 1640.
The Treaty of Ripon was significant as it marked a formal acknowledgment of Charles I’s defeat in the Second Bishops’ War, imposing financial burdens on him and solidifying Scottish control over Newcastle.
Describe the events that led to the riot in Edinburgh in 1637.
The riot in Edinburgh in 1637 was triggered when the Book of Common Prayer was read out in St. Giles Cathedral, leading to widespread outrage among the Scottish populace and clergy, who opposed Charles I’s religious reforms.
Describe the successes of the personal rule under Charles I.
The personal rule was mostly successful in achieving religious uniformity in England, employing efficient administrators like Laud and Wentworth, ending the war with Spain in 1630 which reduced expenditure, and successfully collecting money for the defense of England.
Explain the failures associated with Charles I’s personal rule.
Failures included creating resentment through monopolies, the expansion of ship money, and the imposition of Arminianism, as well as an inability to compromise and communicate effectively, a failure in the war with Scotland, and ultimately leading to the recall of Parliament.
Define the four causes of instability during the personal rule.
The four causes of instability were religion, finance, the actions and attitudes of Charles I, and the actions and attitudes of Parliament.
How did the Long Parliament respond to the personal rule in 1640?
The Long Parliament assembled in November 1640 with a united desire to prevent another personal rule, agreeing that the king’s powers needed to be restrained, leading to attacks on the prerogative.
Explain the significance of the Act of Attainder against Strafford in 1641.
The Act of Attainder against Strafford, which led to his execution in May 1641, was significant as it marked a decisive attack on the prerogative power of the king and demonstrated the resolve of Parliament to limit royal authority.
Describe the Root and Branch Petition of February 1641.
The Root and Branch Petition, signed by 15,000 Londoners, demanded the abolition of Bishops, reflecting the desire for significant religious reform, although it faced opposition from some moderate MPs who feared it would undermine the Church hierarchy.
What were the differing views of radicals and moderates in the Long Parliament regarding the king’s power?
Radicals, led by Pym, believed more needed to be done to safeguard Parliament’s power and distrusted the king, fearing Catholic influence. Moderates, led by Edward Hyde, wanted to restrain the king’s power but felt enough had been done and favored a settlement with both the king and Parliament.
How did the introduction of the Triennial Act in February 1641 impact Parliament’s power?
The Triennial Act introduced in February 1641 ensured that Parliament could not be dissolved without its consent, significantly enhancing Parliament’s power and limiting the king’s prerogative.
Do the actions of Charles I during his personal rule indicate a willingness to compromise?
Charles I’s actions during his personal rule indicate a lack of willingness to compromise, as he faced significant opposition and resentment due to his imposition of policies and failure to communicate effectively with Parliament.
Explain the role of the moderates in the Long Parliament’s response to Charles I’s rule.
Moderates in the Long Parliament, led by Edward Hyde, sought to limit the king’s power but were cautious about radical changes, preferring to negotiate a settlement that would maintain some royal authority while addressing Parliament’s concerns.
Describe the Puritan’s goals regarding royal power during the early 1640s.
The Puritans aimed to reform and restrain the king’s power, believing that the monarchy should be part of the Church and that Parliament should have the authority to approve or dismiss the king’s advisers.
Explain the significance of the Ten Propositions drawn up in June 1641.
The Ten Propositions were significant as they proposed to extend Parliament’s power, including the right to approve or dismiss the king’s advisers, reflecting the growing opposition to royal authority.
How did the Irish Catholic rebellion in October 1641 influence political tensions in England?
The Irish Catholic rebellion heightened fears of a Catholic plot to re-establish Catholicism in England, supporting Pym’s argument and leading to panic that Charles I might use the Irish army to suppress Parliament.
What was the Grand Remonstrance and its impact on the relationship between Charles I and Parliament?
The Grand Remonstrance, sent by Pym on November 22, 1641, asserted that the king could not be trusted to control the army and reflected deep divisions within Parliament, passing by only 11 votes.
Define the response of Charles I to the Grand Remonstrance in December 1641.
Charles I ignored the Grand Remonstrance for a month, eventually refusing to eliminate bishops and asserting his right to choose his own advisers, which further strained relations with Parliament.
Do you think the actions of Parliament or Charles I were more responsible for the breakdown of their relationship?
Evidence suggests that it was Parliament’s actions, particularly the Grand Remonstrance and the Ten Propositions, that contributed to the breakdown of the relationship, rather than solely Charles I’s responses.
Explain the political climate in January 1642 regarding Pym and the opposition.
In January 1642, rumors circulated that Pym intended to impeach the queen, leading Charles I to attempt to arrest five leading opposition members, including Pym and Hampden, escalating tensions further.
What role did Pym play in the events leading up to the English Civil War?
Pym was a key leader in the opposition, advocating for Parliament’s power, uniting the Commons against royal authority, and articulating fears of a Catholic plot, which mobilized support for reform.
How did the abolition of feudal dues in June 1641 reflect the sentiments of Parliament?
The abolition of feudal dues indicated a united front among MPs who sought to restrain the abuses of royal prerogative and limit the king’s power.
Describe the implications of the divisions within Parliament as evidenced by the Grand Remonstrance vote.
The narrow passage of the Grand Remonstrance by only 11 votes and the absence of nearly 200 MPs highlighted significant divisions within Parliament, indicating a fractured political landscape.
