T1: How successful was Charles I’s Personal Rule (1629-40)? Flashcards
what years was CI personal rule?
1629-40
what was CI’s aim during his personal rule?
to not call Parliament ad govern well
what is the criteria for success in CI’s personal rule?
- economic stability
- achieving religious policies
- achieving governmental policies
why was there so little reaction to the dissolution of Parliament across the country?
seemed justified by the behaviour of MPs who forced the Three Resolutions
what were the first few years of the personal rule like?
calm
in what ways did CI prove an effective leader in the first few years of the personal rule?
- regularly met with Privy Council
- spent many hours with advisors each day
example of efficient administrators who led the Privy Council?
- Thomas Wentworth
- William Laud
how were William Laud and Thomas Wentworth received by the population?
unpopular
what treaty ended the war with Spain?
the Treaty of Madrid
when did CI sign the Treaty of Madrid?
1630
what was the impact of the Treaty of Madrid?
reduced annual spending on war from £500k (1625-9) to less than £70k in the 1630s
in what ways did CI give attention to the crown’s finances?
- new impositions to the collection of T+P
- reviving of a number of feudal payments
were Charles’ changing to T+P and feudal dues lawful?
yes- were within his rights
what did CI do regarding monopolies?
practice of selling monopolies revived
example of a monopoly that was revived and when?
1634- Charles issued monopoly patent for soap
when did CI issue a monopoly for soap?
1634
what was controversial about the soap monopoly?
- drove up prices and ran people out of business
- monopoly given to a Catholic company
when was there a debate about the soap monopoly?
1641
what was ship money?
a tax to pay for the upkeep of the navy
what did CI do regarding ship money?
Annual levy of ship money established across country
how much money did ship money generate?
£200,000 a year to the exchequer
why was ship money controversial?
CI made it annual and extended it to inland counties, which previous monarchs had not done. Parl did not approve it being made nationwide.
when did CI extend ship money inland?
1635
when did CI make ship money annual?
1636
what was the result of CI extending ship money inland?
- resentment
- seemed absolutist - did w/o Parl;s consent
what was the benefit of CI’s changes to ship money?
able to raise money
when was Laud made Archbishop of Canterbury?
1633
how did Laud change the church?
increased formality and ritual
what happened to ministers who resisted the changes to the church?
deprived of their livings, many emigrated to New England, America
what specific changes were made in churches?
- decorated with statues, organs restores, altar moved to the East end (like in the Catholic church)
- focus on church hierarchy
why did the changes to the church concern people?
seemed like it was moving towards Catholicism
from what year was the Pope’s ambassador welcome at court?
1635
when was the Hampden case?
1637/8
who was John Hampden?
puritan MP
what type of court ruled on the Hampden case?
prerogative
what was the ruling on the Hampden case?
7-5 in favour of the king
what did the ruling of the Hampden case show?
general hostility to Charles I
what 3 Puritan writers were persecuted?
Burton, Bastwick + Prynne
when were the 3 puritan writers persecuted by Laud?
1637
what court persecuted the 3 puritan writers?
Star Chamber
what was the punishment for the 3 Puritan writers?
had their ears cut off
when was the taxpayers’ strike?
1639
what caused the taxpayers’ strike?
passive resistance to the First Bishops’ War
what was the result of the 1639 taxpayers’ strike?
only 20% of ship money collected
how did the 3 Puritan writers case affect public opinion?
more sympathy for Puritans
when did public opinion start to shift?
late 1630s
when was the turning point for the success of CI’s personal rule?
1637
when was the Book of Common Prayer imposed on Scotland?
1637
what was the result of the imposition of the Book of Common Prayer in Scotland?
riots e.g. in St Giles’ Cathedral, Edinburgh
what was signed in 1638?
the National Covenant
what was the aim of the National Covenant?
to defend the Kirk and restore their religious rights
when was the National Covenant drew up?
1637
when was the First Bishops’ War?
1639
why did the First Bishops’ War fail?
partly due to the tax payers’ strike
when was the Second Bishops’ War?
1640
when was the Short Parliament called?
April 1640
why was the Short Parl called?
needed funds for the Bishops’ Wars
how long did the Short Parl last?
3 weeks
why was the Short Parl dissolved?
CI bombarded with complaints about the PR, had to dissolve without funds
what was the result of the Second Bishops’ War?
CI defeated - signed Treaty of Ripon 1640
what were the terms of the Treaty of Ripon?
England had to pay £850 per day that they occupied Newcastle
when was the Treaty of Ripon signed?
oct 1640
what was the significance of issued in Scotland?
key reason why the PR unravelled BUT only became an issue towards the end of the period
when was the Long Parliament called?
nov 1640
what did the Long Parl do?
arrested and impeached Laud and Wentworth
successes of the PR?
- Religious uniformity mostly unopposed in England
- Efficient administrators (Laud + Wentworth)
- Ended war with Spain 1630 - reduction in expenditure
- Successful collection of money, much of it used to defend England
failures of the PR?
- Created resentment with monopolies, expansion of ship money and imposition of Arminianism
- Inability to compromise and communicate
- Failure in war with Scotland
- Recalled Parliament
what factors could you use to explain instability in the PR?
- religion
- finance
- Scotland
- Parliament’s attitudes and actions
- Charles I’s attitudes and actions
