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Neuroscience 1: cells and circuits > Synapses and synaptic potentials > Flashcards

Synapses and synaptic potentials Flashcards

1
Q

How many neurons are there app. in the human brain?

A

10^14-10^15

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2
Q

What are the three types of synapses according to placement on postsynaptic neuron?

A

Axo-dendritic, axo-somatic and axo-axonic

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3
Q

What are the two types of synapses according to mechanism?

A

Electrical and chemical

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4
Q

How does a electrical synapse transfer the signal?

A

Through gap junctions (direct transfer of currents)

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5
Q

What are some characterizations of electrical synapses?

A

They are fast, bi-directional, maintain the sign (depol–>depol/hyperpol–>hyperpol), function in synchronization, can vary their strength by opening/closing gaap junctions

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6
Q

How many % does the electrical synapses make up app.?

A

1 %

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7
Q

What is the active zone?

A

The place where vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane

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8
Q

What is the postsynaptic density?

A

The place where receptors are placed on the postsynapse

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9
Q

What is the definition of a NT?

A

1) it is present in the neuron, 2) it is liberated as a result of APs, and 3) it activates receptors in a postsynaptic cell

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10
Q

What type of transport does NT transporters use?

A

Secondary active

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11
Q

What is the definition of excitatory neurotransmission?

A

If it increases the probability that the postsynaptic neuron fires an AP

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12
Q

What are the mechanism behind excitatory neurotransmission?

A

Reversal potential > threshold

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13
Q

What is the reversal potential?

A

The reversal potential of an ion channel is the potential where the electrical current through the channel is 0 (equal amount of Na+ goes into the cell as K+ goes out)

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14
Q

What is the reversal potential of an ion channel permeable to one ion?

A

The ions Nernst potential

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15
Q

What is the reversal potential of an ion channel permeable to two ions?

A

The in-between Nernst potential of the two ions

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16
Q

What is the definition of inhibitory neurotransmission?

A

If it reduces the probability that the postsynaptic neuron fires an AP

17
Q

What is the mechanism of inhibitory neurotransmission?

A

Reversal potential < threshold

18
Q
A
19
Q

What are the diference between spatial and temporal transmission?

A

Spatial: mulitple synapses fire together to strengthen the signal
Temporal: one synapse fires multiple times in a row to strengthen the signal

19
Q

What is shunting inhibition?

A

When an inhibitory synapse short circuits an entire dendrite, by reducing the length constant

19
Q

Are vesicle membranes negatively or positively charged?

A

Positively

20
Q

What determines if a synapse is inhibitory or excitatory?

A

The postsynaptic receptors reversal potential

21
Q

What are the function of botulinum toxin?

A

It is a protease targeting the SNARE complex, breaking down one of the proteins

22
Q

What is the function of alfa-lactotoxin?

A

Also targets the SNARE complex, but stimulates it

23
Q

Where in the SNARE cycle are ATP required?

A

At the fusion with the PM –> release of NT

24
Q

How does synaptotagmin work?

A

It’s a Ca2+ sensor: triggers membrane fusion when Ca2+ is bound, inhibits when not
When Ca2+ binds the electrostatic properties switch –> reduces repulsion

25
Q

App. how many APs actually end in NT release?

A

30 %

26
Q

How are synaptic vesicles locally recycled?

A

By the clathrin-dependent endocytosis

27
Q

True or false: there might be several different endocytosis routes, and some are not dependent on clathrin.

A

True

28
Q

What other types of proteins are found in the postsynaptic density?

A

Many types, e.g., anchoring proteins such as PSD95

29
Q

How are the pre- and postsynapses aligned?

A

In nanocolumns

30
Q

What bridged the synaptic cleft?

A

Transsynaptic protein pairs

31
Q

How are transsynaptic protein pairing involved in synaptogenesis?

A

Expression of postsynaptic adhesion proteins in non-neuronal cells stimulate neurons to form presynapses, and xxpression of presynaptic adhesion proteins in non-neuronal cells stimulate neurons to form postsynapses

32
Q

What are the fast and reversible effects of intracellular signaling?

A

Protein phosphorylation –> changes in protein functions

33
Q

What are the slow and long-lasting effects of intracellular signaling?

A

Transcriptional regulation –> changes in protein composition

34
Q

What are CREB, and does it work?

A

cAMP response element binding protein
Receptor activation –> –> CREB activation –> transcription –> translation

35
Q

Where does CREB play a role?

A

In late-phase LTP

36
Q

What is C-fos?

A

A transcription factor and a marker for activated neurons

Neuroscience 1: cells and circuits (42 decks)

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