Sidste

Question 1

What are the two nuclei controling start and speed of locomotion in the midbrain?

Answer 1

PPN and CfN

Question 2

What does the CfN control?

Answer 2

Escape (altering locomotion)

Question 3

What does the PPN control?

Answer 3

Exploration (altering locomotion)

Question 4

Give a quick overview of the PPN CnF locomotion pathway.

Answer 4

Excitatory neurons –> lower brainstem –> spinal cord –> rhythm generation –> pattern –> motor neurons

Question 5

Which neurons are the stop and turn neurons?

Answer 5

V2a (inhibitory)

Question 6

Give the equillibrium potential equation.

Answer 6

Vx = 61/z * log (ex/in)

Question 7

What’s the intra and extracellular concentration of K+?

Answer 7

Extra: 4 mM, intra: 140 mM

Question 8

What’s the intra and extracellular concentration of Na+?

Answer 8

Intra: 10 mM, extra: 145 mM

Question 9

What’s the intra and extracellular concentration of Cl-?

Answer 9

Intra: 5 mM, extra: 110 mM

Question 10

Whats the pyramidal descending tracts?

Answer 10

Corticobulbery (synapses on the cranial nerve) and corticospinal (peripery)

Question 11

Whats the extrapyramidal descending tracts?

Answer 11

Vestiblospinal (balance), reticulospinal (posture), rubrospinal (large muscle movement), and tectospinal (auditory, visual, head movement)

Question 12

Mention some transcriptional factors important for neural development, and where they play a role.

Answer 12

WNT (neural tube formation), SHH (ventrilization and neural tube) and noggin (neural tube formation), HOX genes (spinal cord, segmentation)

Question 13

What are the functions of the radial glial cells during development?

Answer 13

Facillitate migration of newborn neurons, as they touch both surface of the brain
Neural stem cells

Question 14

Describe the pathway from the cerebellar cortex.

Answer 14

2 possible pathways:
1) Climbing fibers from the inferior olive –> Purkinje cells

2) Mossy fibers from the pons, vestibular nuclei or spinal cord –> granule cells –> parallel fibers –> Purkinje cells

Purkinje cells are the only cells output neurons in the cerebellar cortex –> neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei/vestibular nuclei forming the efferents leaving the cerebellum.

Question 15

Describe the direct pathway in BG movement control.

Answer 15

Disinhibition:
Cortex –> striatum –I GPi
GPi can then not inhibit thalamus, which is tonicly active
Thalamus (VA/VL) –> motor cortex –> movement

Question 16

Describe the indirect pathway in BG movement control.

Answer 16

Cortex –> STN –> SNr/GPi –I motorareas –> prevention of movement

Question 17

Describe how dopamin act on the direct and indirect pathway.

Answer 17

Direct (D1): stimulates disinhibition (excitatory on inhibitory neurons in the striatum)
Indirect (D2): inhibits the striatum, so it doesn’t inhibit GPi

Question 18

What are the three hypothalamic nuclei involved in feeding behavior?

Answer 18

Lateral-, arcuate- and paraventricular nucleus

Question 19

Describe the hypothalamic pathway involved in feeding behavior in the fasted state.

Answer 19

Excitatory:
AgRP in arcuate nucleus –> lateral hypothalamic area –> feeding behavior
Inhibitory:
AgRP –I paraventricular area –I secretion of satiety hormones

Question 20

Describe the hypothalamic pathway involved in feeding behavior in the leptin increased state.

Answer 20

Excitatory:
Alpha-MSH in arcuate nucleus –> paraventricular N –> release of satiety hormones
Inhibitory:
Alpha-MSH –I lateral N –I feeding behavior

Question 21

Which cells projects to the posterior pituitary, and where are they located?

Answer 21

Magnocellular neurons located in SON and PVN of the hypothalamus

Question 22

Which cells projects to the anterior pituitary, and where are they located?

Answer 22

Parvicellular neurons located in the PVN of the hypothalamus