Host responses in the infected brain Flashcards
Describe the phenotypic changes following T-cell activation.
- increased expression of adhesion molecules on endothelium at site of infection –> stable binding of activated T-cells
- effector T-cells enter peripheral tissues
What are some of the distant effects of respiratory tract infection on the hypothalamic oligodendrocytes?
- up-regulation of diverse transport processes during early and accute infection
–> development of a specific subcluster at acute infection
–> metabolic and NT support
What are some of the distant effects of respiratory tract infection on the hypothalamic neurons?
- long term inhibition of metabolic processes, protein translation and apoptotic processes
–> protective processes to avoid viral entry and replication
What are some of the distant effects of respiratory tract infection on the hypothalamic astrocytes?
- potentially mildly affected by glucocorticoids
- activation of oxidoreductase systems
–> development of a specific subcluster at acute infection
–> NT regulation via glutamate release/uptake
–> regulation of microglia activation states via OR system
What are some of the distant effects of respiratory tract infection on the hypothalamic microglia?
- increased transcription of proinflammatory genes and cell-to-cell communication genes
- decreased transcription of complement system, microglia state genes and protein synthesis
–> surviallance and communication with surrounding tissues and cell populations
Mention an important chemokine and its receptor for immunerepsone in viral infections. What cells are the predominant producers of this?
Chemokine: CXCL10
R: CXCR3
Predominant producer: CXCL10
Which molecule induce CXCL10 production?
IFN-alpha/beta
What are SOCS1/3 and what are they associated with?
Suppressor of cytokine signal 1/3
An upregulation of these are associated with virus-induced inflammation
What are the two pathways of SOCS upregulation?
- one which involves T-cells and IFN-gamma
- one which are T-cells and IFN-gamma independent
What are the rules for T-cell accumulation in the CNS?
- initial recruitment is non-specific and inflammation driven
- local antigen encounter augments accumulation of antigen-specific T-cells
- following resolution tissue-resident memory T-cells persist in the tissue
- triggering of these forms a first line of defense to reinfection