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Neuroscience 1: cells and circuits > Brain stem and spinal cord > Flashcards

Brain stem and spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the gross anatomy of the spinal cord.

A

(brain stem) –> cervical enlargement –> lumbosacral enlargement –> cauda equina –> filum terminale

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2
Q

Describe the internal anatomy of the spinal cord.

A

White matter (outer): dorsal column, lateral column and ventral column
Gray matter (inner, “butterfly”): dorsal- and ventral horn

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2
Q

What are the four segments of the spinal cord called?

A

Cervical-, thoracic-, lumbar- and sacral segments

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3
Q

How many of the different segments are there?

A

C8, T12, L5, S5

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4
Q

How does the white:gray matter ratio differ thorughout the segments?

A

More gray the further down the spinal cord

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5
Q

What is Rexed’s ten laminae, and what does it reflect?

A

A division of the gray matter of the spinal cord, reflecting the functional aspects, e.g., VII = autonomic NS, VIII + IX = motor system

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6
Q

What is the dorsal root vs the ventral root (sensory/motor)?

A

Dorsal: sensory (afferent)
Ventral: motor (efferent)

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7
Q

What lies in the very middle of the spinal cord?

A

The central canal, which is the caudal part of the ventricular system

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8
Q

How does the motor neurons differ from the sensory neurons?

A

They are bigger

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9
Q

How many of the cranial nerves originate or terminate in the brain stem?

A

10: NIII-NXII

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10
Q

Describe the cranial nerve I (NI).

A

Name: olfactory nerve
S/M: sensory
Major function: sense of smell
Connection to the brain: telencephalon

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11
Q

Describe the cranial nerve II (NII).

A

Name: optic nerve
S/M: sensory
Major function: vision
Connection to the brain: diencephalon

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12
Q

Describe the cranial nerve III (NIII).

A

Name: Oculomotor nerve
S/M: motor
Major function: eye movements, pupilary constriction
Connection to the brain: mesencephalon

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13
Q

Describe the cranial nerve IV (NIV).

A

Name: trochlear nerve
S/M: motor
Major function: eye movements
Connection to the brain: mesencephalon

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14
Q

Describe the cranial nerve V (NV).

A

Name: trigmental nerve
S/M: motor and sensory
Major function: somatic sensation from face, mouth, muscles of mastication
Connection to the brain: pons

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15
Q

Describe the cranial nerve VI (NVI).

A

Name: abducens nerve
S/M: motor
Major function: eye movenments
Connection to the brain: pons

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16
Q

Describe the cranial nerve VII (NVII).

A

Name: facial nerve
S/M: motor and sensory
Major function: controls muscles of facial expression, taste, lacrimal and salivary glands
Connection to the brain: pons

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17
Q

Describe the cranial nerve VIII (NVIII).

A

Name: auditory nerve
S/M: sensory
Major function: hearing, sense of balance
Connection to the brain: pons and medulla oblongata

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18
Q

Describe the cranial nerve IX (NIX).

A

Name: glossopharyngeal nerve
S/M: motor and sensory
Major function: taste
Connection to the brain: medulla oblongata

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19
Q

Describe the cranial nerve X (NX).

A

Name: vagus nerve
S/M: motor and sensory
Major function: autonomic
Connection to the brain: medulla oblongata

20
Q

Describe the cranial nerve XI (NXI).

A

Name: spinal accessory nerve
S/M: motor
Major function: neck movements
Connection to the brain: medulla oblongata and spinal cord

21
Q

Describe the cranial nerve 12 (NXII).

A

Name: hypoglossal nerve
S/M: motor
Major function: tounge movements
Connection to the brain: medulla oblongata

22
Q

Where does the cranial nerves of the brain stem originate or terminate?

A

In cranial nerve nuclei

23
Q

How does the ventral vs. dorsal surface of the brain stem differ in structure?

A

Ventral: Mesencepahlon with cerebral peduncle, pons, medulla oblongata with pyramid and olives
Dorsal: Mesencepahlon with superior and inferior colliculus, pons with rhomboid fassa, medulla oblongata (open superior, closed inferior)

24
Q

What is the rhomboid fossa?

A

The connection between the brainstem and the cerebellum

25
Q

Where is the 4th ventricle located?

A

On the dorsal side of the brainstem, between the brainstem and the cerebellum

26
Q

Describe the internal structure of the brainstem.

A

Complex.
Gray matter: cranial nerve nuclei + other nuclei
Whiter matter: ascending and descending tracts + tracts within the brainstem
Reticular formation

27
Q

How are the motor nuclei generally located compared to the sensory nuclei?

A

Medial

28
Q

What does the internal structure of the closed part of the medulla oblongata resemble?

A

The internal structure of the spinal cord

29
Q

What nuclei are located in the closed part of the medulla oblongata?

A

Dorsal column and trigmental sensory

30
Q

What tracts are located in both the closed and open part of the medulla oblongata?

A

Medial lemniscus (sensory) and corticospinal (motor)

31
Q

What nuclei are located in the open part of the medulla oblongata?

A

Inferior olivary, sensory cranial (nucleus of the solitary tract, trigmenial sensory nucleus) and motor cranial (dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, hypoglossal nucleus, nucleus ambiguus)

32
Q

How does the hypoglossal nerve and the vagus nerve differ from each other?

A

Hypoglossal: one nucleus, one function
Vagus: several nuclei (trigmenial sensory, ambigus, solitary tract, dorsal motor), several functions

33
Q

Describe the structure of the ventral surface of pons.

A

Crossing fibers (to cerebellum)

34
Q

What nuclei and tracts are located in the caudal part of the pons?

A

Nuclei: facial
Tracts: medial lemniscus + corticospinal

35
Q

What nuclei and tracts are located in the upper part of the pons?

A

Nuclei: trigminal nerve (head)
Tracts: medial lemniscus + corticospinal

36
Q

What structure lies dorsal to the mesencephalon?

A

The cerebral aqueduct

37
Q

What are the superior colliculus function?

A

Visual system

38
Q

What structure is also found in the upper part of the mesencephalon, and what function?

A

Substansia nigra, motor system

39
Q

What nuclei are located in the mesencephalon?

A

Oculomotor, trochlear and abducens

40
Q

What are the difference between descending and ascending tracts?

A

De: down
A: up

41
Q

Which tracts are found in the white matter of the spinal cord?

A

De: corticospinal tract (for voluntary movements)
A: spinothalamic tract (for pain and temp.), dorsal column (for touch and proprioception)

42
Q

Describe the pyramidal tract system.

A

Main motor tracts controlling voluntary movements
Cortex –> brain stem: corticobulbar tract
Brain stem –> spinal cord: corticospinal tract

43
Q

How many neurons are there in the pyramidal tract system?

A

2:
- upper motor: cellbody in cortex, axon decends in the pyramidal system and crosses the midline
- lower motor: cellbody in the ventral horn or motor cranial nerve nuclei, axon reaches skeletal muscle via a peripheral nerve

44
Q

Where does the fibers of the corticospinal tract cross, and where does these crossing fibers end?

A

On the ventral surface of medulla oblongata, ends in the lateral corticospinal tract. The non-crossing fibers end in the ventral

45
Q

What are the two main sensory pathways?

A

1) Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway: touch and proprioception
2) Spinothalamic tract: temp and pain

46
Q

How many neurons are there in the sensory systems?

A

3:
- 1st neuron: cellbody in spinal ganglion
- 2nd neuron: cellbody in the spinal cord or brain stem –> axon crossed midline
- 3rd neuron: cellbody in thalamus –> axon projects to the cerebral cortex

47
Q

Describe the dorsal-medial lemniscus pathway.

A

1st neuron: spinal ganglion –> posterior collumn (spinal cord) –> 2nd neuron: dorsal column nuclei –> medial lemniscus (brain stem) –> 3rd neuron: thalamus –> cerebral cortex

48
Q

Describe the spinothalamic tract pathway.

A

1st neuron: spinal ganglion –> 2nd neuron: dorsal horn (spinal cord) –> spinothalamic tract (spinal cord and brain stem)–> 3rd neuron: thalamus –> cerebral cortex

Neuroscience 1: cells and circuits (42 decks)

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