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Genetics > Swine Selection > Flashcards

Swine Selection Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 components of swine performance?

A
  • genetic ability of the pig

- environment

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2
Q

What are examples of environment components?

A

nutrition, health, facilities, management practices, etc.

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3
Q

What is the formula for phenotype?

A

genetics + environment

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4
Q

What are examples of paternal breeds?

A
  • hampshire
  • duroc
  • chester white
  • poland china
  • spot
  • berkshire
  • pietran
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5
Q

What are examples of maternal breeds?

A
  • yorkshire
  • large white
  • landrace
  • large black
  • hereford
  • meishan
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6
Q

What are Hampshire good for?

A

muscling and therefore great for sire stride in breeding

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7
Q

What are Hampshire not good for?

A

not strong in litter size and maternal

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8
Q

What are Duroc good for?

A

rugged, meaty, fast growing, good mothers but males used in crosses

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9
Q

What problems do Duroc have?

A

problems with fatness

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10
Q

What are Yorkshire popular on and in?

A

maternal side in crossbreeding programs

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11
Q

What are Yorkshire good for?

A

large litters and good mothers

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12
Q

What are Yorkshire not good for?

A

muscling

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13
Q

What are Large White good for?

A

(same as Yorkshire) large litters and good mothers

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14
Q

What are Chester White good for?

A

(similar characteristics as Duroc) rugged, meaty

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15
Q

How are Chester White different than Duroc?

A

more fat and slower growth

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16
Q

What are Chester White characterized by?

A

durable breed and preferred coat color

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17
Q

What are Landrace characterized by?

A

long bodied and prolific

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18
Q

What are Berkshire good for?

A

(similar to Durocs) fine grain meat and fatness

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19
Q

What are Pietrain good for?

A

heavily muscles

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20
Q

What gene do Pietrain carry?

A

the stress gene associated with high muscling but susceptible to PSE problems and stress susceptibility

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21
Q

What does stress susceptibility lead to?

A

increased Mortality

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22
Q

What is PSE?

A

Pale Soft Exudative (pork quality)

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23
Q

What is the goal of genetics program?

A

do not allow inferior genetics or the mating system to limit production efficiency

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24
Q

How can you meet the goal of genetics program?

A
  • identify a better source if genetics is the limiting factor in obtaining maximum production performance
  • use the correct mating system that maximizes performance
  • make sure herd health is not limiting performance
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25
Q

Are genetics usually the limiting factor in obtaining maximum production performance?

A

no

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26
Q

How can you make sure herd health is not limiting performance?

A
  • may require herd depopulation and repopulation with healthy superior genetics
  • understand costs of this choice
  • if relocating, update genetics and improve health
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27
Q

What are the genetic resources available?

A
  • genetic supplier
  • breeds or lines
  • choice of individual animals within the population (breed or line) of choice
  • mating systems
  • selection at the Nucleus (GGP), Multiplier (GP), and Commercial (P) levels
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28
Q

How is genetic supplier a genetic resource

A

choice of suppliers

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29
Q

How are breeds or lines a genetic resource?

A

choose the lines that excel for the traits that are important in your markets

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30
Q

How is your choice of animal within the population of choice a genetic resource?

A
  • choose the animals that meet your selection criteria

- selection differential

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31
Q

What is selection differential?

A

the average of those you select compared to the entire group of potential select animals

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32
Q

What does selection differential impact?

A

the rate of genetic progress

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33
Q

What does PIC stand for?

A

Pig improvement company

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34
Q

How is selection at the Nucleus, Multiplier, and Commercial levels a genetic resource?

A

-genetic improvement is a slow tedious process so this ensures that selection is for traits that are important in your market

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35
Q

How are mating systems a genetic resource?

A
  • use a mating system that matches your management preference
  • maximize heterosis
  • make use of breed complementarity
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36
Q

What are traits selected for for swine?

A
  • number born alive
  • number weaned
  • sow longevity
  • 21 day litter weight
  • days to 115 kg (250 lb)
  • feed efficiency
  • backfat thickness
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37
Q

What is number born alive?

A

the salable item produced by the sow

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38
Q

What is 21 day litter weight?

A

what a producers selling weaned pigs is selling (minimum weight required to obtain full value)

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39
Q

What is days to market weight?

A

how long the pig will stay in finishing facilities and feed efficiency (daily maintenance requirement)

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40
Q

What is backfat and loin muscle depth or area?

A

determines percentage lean in the carcass which is the salable product (meat) for consumption

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41
Q

What questions should you ask yourself for selection?

A
  • What traits to include in your selection program?

- Is the trait measurable?

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42
Q

What is important to consider when wondering if the trait is measurable?

A
  • can the traits be measured accurately and in a repeatable fashion
  • does the trait have sufficient variation (specifically genetic variation to which selection can be practiced)
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43
Q

If there is no variation…

A

there can be no improvement in the trait

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44
Q

What does whether traits can be measured accurately and in a repeatable fashion influence?

A

heritability and the rate at which traits can be improved

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45
Q

What features are necessary for swine selection?

A
  • equal opportunity
  • systematic measurement of all animals
  • environmental adjustments
  • NSIF adjustment factors
  • use of records
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46
Q

What does equal opportunity mean?

A

no animals receive preferential treatment

47
Q

What does systematic measurement of all animals mean?

A

for example: measure backfat the same way, same location, at the same weight on every animal

48
Q

What are examples of environmental adjustments?

A

parity, season of year, on test weight, etc

49
Q

What is parity?

A

number of times an animal has given birth

50
Q

What is a formula for heritability?

A

δ^2G / δ^2P + δ2 E = h^2

51
Q

What are NSIF adjustment factors?

A

uhhhhh

52
Q

What is the importance of using records?

A

use records to assist in making selection decisions

53
Q

What does STAGES stand for?

A

Swine Testing And Genetic Evaluation System

54
Q

What model does STAGES follow?

A

multi-trait animal model

55
Q

What registry does SWINE include?

A

NSR-National Swine Registry

56
Q

What breeds are registered under NSR?

A
  • duroc
  • hampshire
  • landrace
  • yorkshire
57
Q

What data does NSR include?

A

F1 (Landrace x Yorkshire) data to make maternal data more accurate

58
Q

What is daily done for STAGES?

A

daily across-herd EPDs on association computer

59
Q

What is published semi-annually by STAGES?

A

across-herd summaries

60
Q

What does STAGES do with variance?

A

breed specific variance components and adjustments

61
Q

For postweaning data, when are pigs scanned?

A

at or near 250 pounds (about 115 kg)

62
Q

How often do breeders scan for post weaning data?

A

every 3-4 weeks

63
Q

What pigs is post weaning data collected from? (not breed)

A

boards, gilts, and barrows

64
Q

What are the types of post weaning data?

A

weight, backfat, loin muscle area

65
Q

Where and when is post weaning data sent?

A

to NSR office same day and then results returned to breeder next day

66
Q

What are program components of STAGES?

A
  • records of ancestry (pedigree)
  • performance measurement program
  • EBV estimation program
  • public access to the genetic rankings
  • indexes to combine traits that economically influence selection decisions
67
Q

Where is litter data recorded?

A

farrowing house

68
Q

What litter data is recorded?

A
  • pedigree information (sire and dam)
  • date farrowed
  • number born alive
  • number after transfer (number allowed to nurse)
  • 21-day litter weight
69
Q

Where is litter data sent?

A

NSR

70
Q

What types of mating systems do swine use?

A
  • purebreeding

- crossbreeding

71
Q

When is purebreeding used in swine?

A

at the nucleus level and some level at multiplication

72
Q

What are the types of purebreeding?

A
  • inbreeding
  • linebreeding
  • outcrossing
73
Q

When is crossbreeding used in swine?

A

at the multiplication level and at the commercial level

74
Q

What are the types of crossbreeding?

A
  • terminal systems
  • rotational systems
  • rotaterminal systems
75
Q

What is crossbreeding system for swine dependent on?

A
  • health of herd
  • management level
  • cost
  • other
76
Q

What is the system goal of crossbreeding?

A

maximize heterosis or hybrid vigor

77
Q

Why do you want to maximize heterosis?

A
  • free

- has effects on those traits that involve fitness that typically influence profitability the most

78
Q

What are some traits heterosis effects?

A
  • conception rates
  • number born and number born alive
  • longevity
79
Q

What is longevity?

A

how long the sow remains in the breeding herd

80
Q

What are conception rates?

A

does a sow become bred or not

81
Q

What does measuring number born and number born alive do?

A

limits the number of pigs that will eventually be sold

82
Q

Are any pig breeds perfect/ideal for all traits?

A

no

83
Q

What does crossbreeding allow?

A

the opportunity to mix breeds to create a breed mix that is more ideal than any of the parent breeds would have been

84
Q

Ideally, what would a crossbreeding plan do?

A

mix breeds that complement each other; the strong points of one breed may offset the weaker characteristics of another, resulting in more complete, problem free pigs

85
Q

What detrimental traits are selected against?

A
  • PSS (or it might be PSE im not sure)
  • Paralyzed Hind Legs
  • Atresia ani
86
Q

What is atresia ani?

A

no anus and no rectum

87
Q

How is atresia ani heritable?

A

heritable with low penetrance

88
Q

What is PSE?

A

pale soft and exudative, a meat quality issue

89
Q

What does stand for PSS?

A

Porcine stress syndrome

90
Q

What does PSS cause?

A

PSE

91
Q

What does the Redement Napole gene do?

A

creates “acid meat,” glycogen that is stores is converted into lactic acid which reduces the pH and affects the meat quality

92
Q

What pork quality measurements are taken?

A

loin pH, color, marbling, firmness, and drip loss

93
Q

How can fat and color be measured?

A

both chemically and subjectively using a subjective score

94
Q

What are the two types of PSS genes?

A
  • Redement Napole (RN)

- Halothane (HAL)

95
Q

What types of allele is RN?

A

both dominant (RN-) and recessive (rn+)

96
Q

How is RN inherited?

A

on one locus

97
Q

What does RN- do?

A

reduces the ultimate pH of the muscle and reduces WHC (water holding capacity) and increases purge (esp in ham and loin)

98
Q

What is HAL?

A

a mutation on chromosome 6 of the pig at nucleotide 1843

99
Q

What does HAL do?

A

increases lean meat content but enhances PSE and PSS

100
Q

What is PSS?

A

animal lacks the ability to adapt to stress

101
Q

What is HAL inherited from?

A

a single locus

102
Q

What types of HAL alleles are there?

A

N normal and n mutant

103
Q

What are the 3 possibilities of HAL?

A
  • NN normal
  • Nn carrier
  • nn mutant (stress positive)
104
Q

How are the 3 genotypes of HAL identidied?

A

DNA probe (PCR test)

105
Q

What percent of HAL carriers will produce inferior muscle quality?

A

30-50%

106
Q

Is all poor pork quality due to HAL?

A

no, only about 20% of poor pork quality was negative for HAL

107
Q

Would eliminating HAL help pork quality issues?

A

yes, drastically

108
Q

What kind of meat does PSS result in?

A

watery, chewy, and undesirable carcasses

109
Q

How does PSS affect reproduction?

A

reproduce at lower rates and often die before they get into the breeding herd

110
Q

What does being PSS heterozygous mean?

A

don’t show signs but carry the potential for stress

111
Q

What is the worst condition for PSS?

A

homozygous recessive for HAL and RN

112
Q

What genotype of PSS will cause problems and how?

A

homozygous or heterozygous for it will cause problems either in transit or at packing

113
Q

How should you look at stress genes in a herd?

A

as if they are strictly terminal

Genetics (24 decks)

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