Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Genetics > Dairy Selection > Flashcards

Dairy Selection Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What traits are of importance for dairy selection?

A

milk production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Does dairy selection involve crossbreeding?

A

no, very little

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why would crossbreeding be used in diary selection?

A

improve fertility/reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are examples of single purpose dairy breeds?

A

Holstein, Jersey, Brown Swiss, Aryshire, Milking Shorthorn, Guernsey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are Holsteins leaders in?

A

number 1 breed when it comes to milk yield

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are Jersey good for?

A

percent fat in milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the ways milk yield in cows is measured?

A
  • 305 milk yield
  • total fat yield
  • % protein
  • %fat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

If the 305 milk is high…

A

the total fat is high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What correlation do % fat and milk production have?

A

-0.40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What protein does milk contain?

A

casein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are fertility traits?

A
  • calving interval
  • days open
  • first service conception
  • calving ease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are examples of type traits?

A
  • stature
  • chest width
  • angularity
  • rump angle
  • rear leg set
  • foot angle
  • front/rear teat placement
  • udder depth
  • central ligament
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What heritability does milk production have (number)?

A

0.35

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What correlation do fat yield and milk production have?

A

+ 0.75

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What correlation does type and milk production have?

A

weak, positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What correlation does reproduction and milk production have?

A

probably negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens to milk production after calving?

A

milk production occurs and then decreases over the lactation period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the first objective of crossbreeding?

A

milk production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What breed is superior for milk production?

A

holstein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What breed is superior for % milk fat?

A

Jersey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What should days open not go beyond?

A

90 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does SCS stand for?

A

somatic cell score

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is somatic cell score used to measure?

A

mastitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the sources of genetic improvement in dairy?

A
  • sires of sires
  • dams of sires
  • sires of dams
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Most of the genetic progress by selecting is based on ____.

A

sires

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Very little genetic progress by selecting is based on ______.

A

dams (dams of dams)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Why is selection based primarily on sires?

A

they can transmit genes much faster than females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why are sires so important when all important traits are sex-limited?

A
  • number of progeny vs dams
  • AI allows for even larger number of progeny (45% of operations have no bulls)
  • selection based on close female relatives and progeny testing of offspring
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the dairy record system called?

A

National Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How are records listed in the DHIA?

A

Modified Contemporary Comparison

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is Modified Contemporary Comparison?

A

standardization of all records of performance to account for as many sources of variation in performance as possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is DHIA operated through?

A

NCSU

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How are sires selected?

A

based on PTA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what does PTA stand for?

A

predicted transmitting ability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is PTA?

A

predicting performance of an animal in comparison to the average

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How does a person determine which sire to select?

A

choose the sire that is high in a trait you are deficient in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Do you want the sire to be closely or distantly related?

A

despite the high amount of inbreeding in the dairy industry, you want a sire that is distantly related

38
Q

What has lead to the ultimate success of the dairy industry?

A
  • utilization of record system based on comparisons of contemporaries on a similar basis
  • limited number of traits selected
  • adaption of technology
39
Q

How has the dairy industry adapted to technology?

A
  • AI

- environmental control to optimize environment to maximize production

40
Q

What environmental controls are placed in the dairy industry?

A
  • health programs
  • nutrition
  • facilities
  • equipment
41
Q

What is bST?

A

a naturally occurring hormone in cows that is a natural regulator of milk production

42
Q

What is bST used for?

A

administration of exogenous bST can increase milk production

43
Q

What is another name for exogenous bST?

A

Posilac

44
Q

What happens if a cow treated with Posilac has adequate nutrition?

A

increase in IGF-I and an increase in milk production

45
Q

What happens if a cow treated with Posilac has inadequate nutrition?

A

no change in IGF-I and no change in milk production

46
Q

Does BST affect milk composition?

A

no

47
Q

What is a downside to treating cows with bST?

A

increase incidences mastitis, but if you adjust for the increased milk production the incidence is not increased

48
Q

What is genomics?

A
  • the study of the genome of the animal

- the large-scale use of DNA information to estimate the genetic merit of cattle

49
Q

What knowledge does genomics include?

A

the knowledge of differences in DNA sequences of individual cattle and associating these differences with actual performance

50
Q

What is genomics (map)?

A

genetic map of what traits animal inherited from each of itts parents available and summarized into genomic evaluations

51
Q

What does genomics include the combination of?

A

their PA and genotypic data

52
Q

What are some inherited diseases in dairy cattle?

A
  • Cervical Vertebral Malfunction
  • Bovine Brachyspina Syndrome
  • Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (BLAD)
  • Syndactyly (Mule Foot)
  • Weaver
53
Q

What was Cervical Vertebral Malfunction first discovered in?

A

Holsteins in Danish, USA, UK, Netherland, and Japanese herds

54
Q

What was Cervical Vertebral Malfunction traced back to?

A

a single bull called Carlin-M Ivanhoe Bell

55
Q

What was Cervical Vertebral Malfunction caused by?

A

a single missense mutation in the bovine SLC35A3

56
Q

What was Bovine Brachyspina Syndrome traced back to?

A

Sweet Haven Tradition

57
Q

What is Bovine Brachyspina Syndrome?

A

shortening of the spine, growth retardation, reduced body weight, uneven teeth alignment, and malformation of internal organs

58
Q

What was BLAD traced back to?

A

Osborndale Ivanhoe, the common bull used in the 50s/60s

59
Q

What type of disease is BLAD?

A

autosomal recessive

60
Q

What is BLAD?

A

recurring infection of soft tissues, fever, low appetite, chronic pneumonia and diarrhea, severe ulcers, stunted growth, and impaired wound healing

61
Q

What was Mule Foot traced back to?

A

a single ancestor in Holstein

62
Q

What type of disease is Mule Foot?

A

autosomal recessive with variable penetrance

63
Q

What is Mule Foot?

A

fusing of the two digits causing the animal to have only one claw on at least one foot (front feet are most commonly affected)

64
Q

What are carriers of Mule Foot associated with?

A

superior milk and fat

65
Q

What was Weaver traced back to?

A

Brown Swiss, arose from inbreeding

66
Q

What type of disease is Weaver?

A

autosomal recessive

67
Q

What is Weaver?

A

animal shows bilateral hind legs weaknesses between ages 6-18 months resulting in a weaving gate. Abnormal reflexes and function in the hind legs

68
Q

What is environmental control?

A

creating a type of microclimate that is different than climate that prevails in that area

69
Q

How are embryo calves raised and where does the egg come from?

A

egg comes from a superior female fertilized by a superior male, and are raised by less superior female

70
Q

What does bST stand for?

A

Bovine Somatotopy

71
Q

What is IGF-I?

A

insulin-like growth factor 1 (a growth hormone)

72
Q

Does Posilac cause mastitis?

A

no, the increased milk production does

73
Q

How many base pairs is a kilobase made of?

A

1,000

74
Q

How many base pairs is a mega base made of?

A

1,000,000

75
Q

What could a single base difference result in? and what is this referred to as?

A

a superior animal; SNP

76
Q

What are SNPs?

A

single nucleotide polymorphism

77
Q

What does GEBV stand for?

A

Genomic Estimated Breeding Values

78
Q

What does NM$ mean?

A

net merit

79
Q

What does PL stand for?

A

productive life

80
Q

What is a missense mutaiton?

A

single base change (point mutartion)

81
Q

Why do people still breed mule foot?

A

not every offspring will have this trait, carriers also produce better milk

82
Q

What does BTA stand for from BTA 4?

A

Bostaurus autosome

83
Q

What base change will not lead to a different protein being made?

A

synonymous

84
Q

What base change will lead to a different protein being made?

A

non-synonymous

85
Q

What kind of disease is Bovine Brachyspina Syndrome?

A

monogenic autosomal recessive hereditary disorder

86
Q

What is Bovine Brachyspina Syndrome caused by?

A

a 3.3 kb deletion in the bovine Fanconi anemia completion group 1 (FANCI) gene on CHROMOSOME 21

87
Q

What caused BLAD?

A

a single point mutaiton (adenine to guanine) at position 382 of the CD18 gene which caused an aspartic acid to glycine substitution at amino acid 128 in the adhesion molecule CD18

88
Q

What causes Syndactyly?

A

two independent mutations in the bovine LRP4 gene

89
Q

What is Weaver mapped to?

A

BTA 4 (chromosome 4): 46-56 mb

90
Q

What is SNPs associated with?

A

genes expressed in the nervous tissue

Genetics (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions