Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Genetics > Mating Systems > Flashcards

Mating Systems Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two types of mating?

A

random and non-random

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do genotypic frequencies depend on?

A

-genotypic frequencies depend on allelic frequencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is non-random mating used for? (strategies for)

A

strategies for genetic change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are two strategies used by breeders for genetic change?

A

selection and mating systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is selection?

A

deciding which individuals to retain as parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does selection affect genes?

A

parents contribute genes to subsequent generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the goals of selection?

A

increase the frequency of alleles with desirable effects and decrease the frequency of alleles with undesirable effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is mating systems?

A

which males are mated to which females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the application of mating systems lead to?

A

alters genotypic frequencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Do mating systems alter allelic frequencies?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is random mating by breeders?

A

no attempt by breeder to pair specific mates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is non-random mating in terms of Hardy Weinberg?

A

expected proportion of homozygous and heterozygous individuals deviate from H-W expectations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is random mating in terms of Hardy Weinberg?

A

any mate can mate with any female, required for Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is assignment of mates based on?

A

genetic relationship and phenotypic similarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is genetic relationship?

A

how close or how distantly related the animals are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is phenotypic similarity?

A

how close or different the animals look phenotypically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two types of mating based on genetic relationship?

A

inbreeding and outbreeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does inbreeding result in?

A

increase in homozygosity beyond what would be found in randomly mating population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does outbreeding result in?

A

increase in heterozygosity, hybrid vigor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two types of mating based on phenotypic relationship?

A

positive assortative mating and negative assortative mating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are examples of positive assortative mating?

A

Tall x Tall. Red x Red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are examples of negative assortative mating?

A

Tall x Short, Red x Black

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is genetic relationship based on?

A

pedigree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is inbreeding?

A

more closely related

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is outbreeding?

A

less closely related

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is inbreeding coefficient represented by?

A

Fx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is inbreeding coefficient?

A
  • probability that 2 alleles at a locus in an individual are identical by descent
  • reflection of the increased proportion of homozygous loci in an individual
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is outbreeding mainly used in?

A

commercial meat production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is phenotypic similarity based on?

A

performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is positive assortative mating?

A

resemble one another closely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is negative assortative mating?

A

resemble one another less closely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the goal of mating systems?

A

alter genotypic frequencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What increases homozygosity?

A

inbreeding and positive assortative mating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What increases heterozygosity?

A

outbreeding and negative assortative mating

35
Q

The more closely related two animals mated are…

A

the more severe the inbreeding

36
Q

How are the sire and dam related in inbreeding?

A

genetically

37
Q

How does inbreeding affect phenotype and performance?

A

depression in phenotype and decrease in performance

38
Q

What does Fx measure?

A

the percent increase in homozygous gene pairs in the individual relative to the average of the breed

39
Q

If an individual has an Fx of 0.25, what does this tell you?

A

25% of genes are similar to a particular ancestor

40
Q

What is Fx value like for most herd of livestock?

A

not more than 0.5

41
Q

In arrow diagrams for inbreeding, what does each arrow leading away from an individual represent?

A

a Mendelian segregation of genes

42
Q

In general what is a common ancestor?

A

ancestor common to more than one individual

43
Q

In terms of inbreeding what is a common ancestor?

A

an ancestor common to parents of an inbred individual

44
Q

How are genes described?

A

genes are identical by descent

45
Q

What type of alleles can be involved in inbreeding?

A

alleles “alike in state” (same allele HH, but not traceable to a common ancestor)

46
Q

What is IBD?

A

(gene is) identical by descent

47
Q

What is IBD also known as?

A

alleles “alike in state”

48
Q

What is linebreeding?

A

a less intense version of inbreeding

49
Q

What is linebreeding?

A

mating individuals within a particular line, concentrating genes of one common ancestor

50
Q

What is linebreeding designed to do?

A

maintain a substantial degree of relationship to highly regarded ancestor

51
Q

What is linebreeding used in?

A

horse industry

52
Q

What are the 6 effects of inbreeding?

A
  • Prepotency
  • Expression of deleterious recessive alleles
  • Inbreeding Depression
  • Tends to “fix” characteristics (traits) in a population
  • Concentrate genes
  • Increase probability of getting similar genes to offspring from ancestor
53
Q

What is prepotency?

A

the degree to which an animal will pass their characteristics consistently

54
Q

What is prepotency in terms of performance?

A

performance of offspring is like that of the parents

55
Q

What does prepotency attempt to do?

A

make individuals more homozygous for superior genes

56
Q

What does inbreeding not increase?

A

does not increase frequency of detrimental alleles

57
Q

What does inbreeding not create?

A

does not create deleterious recessive alleles

58
Q

How does inbreeding affect deleterious recessive alleles?

A

increases expression

59
Q

What is inbreeding depression?

A

decrease in performance of inbreds for traits like fertility and survivability; unfavorable gene combination value

60
Q

What type of traits does inbreeding depression affect?

A

quantitative/polygenic traits

61
Q

How does inbreeding depression affect polygenic traits?

A

individual effects on genes are small, but taken together can decrease performance

62
Q

What is poor gene combination value a result of?

A

increased homozygosity

63
Q

What does gene combination value cause a change in?

A

genotypic frequency

64
Q

How does inbreeding depression affect quantitative traits?

A

unevenly

65
Q

What type of quantitative traits are affected by inbreeding depression?

A

repro & health, production traits, and product quality traits

66
Q

How are repro and health traits affected by inbreeding depression?

A

seriously

67
Q

How are production traits affected by inbreeding depression?

A

moderately

68
Q

How are product quality traits affected by inbreeding depression?

A

little affected

69
Q

How are genes concentrated as a result of inbreeding?

A

good and bad

70
Q

Who discovered how to measure inbreeding?

A

Sewell Wright

71
Q

What is the formula for calculating inbreeding?

A

Fx=Σ(1/2)^n+1 (1+FA)

72
Q

What is Fx?

A

inbreeding coefficient of individual X

73
Q

What does n represent in the inbreeding formula?

A

number of segregations of genes (matings) between common ancestor(s) and sire and dam of X

74
Q

What is FA?

A

inbreeding coefficient of common ancestor

75
Q

If there is no common ancestor what is Fx?

A

0

76
Q

What is additive genetic relationship?

A

proportion of genes which 2 individuals have in common

77
Q

What does additive genetic relationship describe?

A

the added genetic likeness of the 2 individuals in question

78
Q

How is additive gene relationship shown?

A

numerical value, 0-1

79
Q

What kind of genetic relationship do cattle have?

A

all cattle have a large proportion of genes in common.

80
Q

What does genetic relationship attempt to quanitify?

A

the proportion of genes within 2 individuals that are identical by descent

81
Q

How can individuals inherit genes?

A
  • a descendant may have inherited gene from the other, an ancestor
  • both individuals may have directly inherited the gene from an ancestor to whom both were related
82
Q

explain meaning of numerical bounds of additive genetic relationship?

A

0 (no genes identical by descent) - 1 (all genes identical by descent)

83
Q

What is the relationship of x and y represented by?

A

Rxy

Genetics (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions