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Genetics > DNA, RNA, and Proteins > Flashcards

DNA, RNA, and Proteins Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the central dogma of genetics?

A

DNA–transcription–> RNA–translation–>Protein

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2
Q

What is the site of protein synthesis?

A

ribosomes

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3
Q

What did Friedrich Misescher do?

A

isolated phosphate-rich chemicals from nuclei of white blood cells in 1868 and called it nuclein

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4
Q

What is Nuclein known as today?

A

nucleic acid

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5
Q

What did Oswald Avery discover?

A

DNA taken from a bacterium, Streptococcus pneumonia, could make non-infectious bacteria become infectious

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6
Q

What did Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase discover?

A

To make new viruses, a bacteriophage virus is injected into DNA, NOT protein, in the new host

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7
Q

What experiments did Frederick Griffith do?

A

experiments with smooth (S), virulent strain Streptococcus pneumonia, and rough (R), non virulent strain

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8
Q

What did Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty discover?

A

DNA is the transformation material

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9
Q

bacterial transformation implicates ____ as the substance of ____.

A

Bacterial transformation implicates DNA as the substance of genes

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10
Q

What happened when the smooth strain was injected into the mouse?

A

death

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11
Q

What happened when the rough strain was injected into the mouse?

A

it lived

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12
Q

What happened when the dead smooth strain was injected into the mouse?

A

it lived

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13
Q

What happened when the dead smooth strain and the rough strain was injected into the mouse?

A

it died

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14
Q

How did the mouse die when injected with a rough strain and a dead smooth strain?

A

the rough strain was transformed by mixing it with the dead smooth strain

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15
Q

How did Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty do their experiment?

A

they replicated Griffith’s experiment and got the same results; then they added different enzymes to see if transformation would still occur; DNase was added and DNA was destroyed and the R cells remained R cells

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16
Q

What did Hershey and Chase conclude?

A

DNA is genetic material (transforming material)

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17
Q

What kind of experiment did Hershey and Chase do?

A

waring blender experiment using T2 bacteriophage and bacteria, used radioactive labels 32 P for DNA and 35 S for protein

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18
Q

How does bacteriophage infect bacteria?

A

it attached to it and injects it with DNA to make many copies of the virus, which are then released when the bacteria bursts

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19
Q

What was the warring blender used for?

A

to separate the bacteria from viruses attached to the outside

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20
Q

What were the results of the bacteriophage with 32 P labeled DNA?

A

radioactivity was discovered in the bacteria host and in the viruses made

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21
Q

What were the results of the bacteriophage with 35 S labeled protein?

A

radioactivity discovered in the bacteriophage ghosts on the outside

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22
Q

What did James Watson and Francis Crick discover?

A

DNA is a double helix

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23
Q

How did Watson and Crick come to their conclusion?

A

they learned about x-ray diffraction patterns projected by DNA, knowledge of chemical structure of nucleotides, Chargaff’s demonstrated that ratios of A to T and G to C are 1:1

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24
Q

Who suggested that DNA was a coil and double helix first?

A

Rosalind Franklin

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25
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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26
Q

What is the blueprint for life?

A

DNA

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27
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

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28
Q

What is a gene?

A

a section of DNA that codes for a particular trait

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29
Q

Which sex chromosome has more genes?

A

X

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30
Q

What is DNA a polymer of?

A

nucleotides

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31
Q

What is each nucleotide composed of?

A

5-carbon sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base

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32
Q

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases for DNA?

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine

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33
Q

What does a purine look like?

A

2 blobs

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34
Q

What does a pyrimidine look like?

A

1 blob

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35
Q

What are the purines for DNA?

A

adenine and guinine

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36
Q

What are the pyrimidines for DNA?

A

Cytosine and Thymine

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37
Q

What does Adenine pair with? How many bonds?

A

Thymine; double

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38
Q

What does Cytosine pair with? How many bonds?

A

Guanine; triple

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39
Q

which bond is strongest, requires most heat to break?

A

triple

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40
Q

What is DNA’s structure?

A

double helix, coil

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41
Q

Where does DNA replication take place?

A

nucleus

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42
Q

What does each DNA strand become for replication?

A

a template

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43
Q

What is assembled on the DNA template?

A

proper base-pairs

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44
Q

What is connected together to make a new strand in DNA replication? What is the strand compared to the old strand?

A

nucleotides; complementary

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45
Q

When a new DNA strand is formed and connected to the old strand, what is this type of replication called?

A

semi-conservative

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46
Q

What is semi-conservative replication?

A

where one strand acts as a template and is old, and a new strand is formed

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47
Q

What happens when DNA is heated?

A

DNA double strands separate

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48
Q

What has circular DNA molecules?

A

prokaryotes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, viruses

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49
Q

What has single stranded DNA?

A

some viruses (bacteriophages)

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50
Q

What carries RNA instead of DNA?

A

some viruses (like AIDS))

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51
Q

What are the four requirements for DNA to be genetic material?

A

must carry information, must replicate, must allow for information to change, must govern the expression of the phenotype

52
Q

What allows for information to change?

A

mutation

53
Q

What governs the expression of the phenotype?

A

gene function

54
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

copying genetic information for transmission to the next generation

55
Q

What does complementary base pairing produce?

A

semiconservative replication

56
Q

What is the function of polymerase III?

A

produces new strands of complementary DNA

57
Q

What is the function of polymerase I?

A

fills in the gaps between newly synthesized Okazaki segments

58
Q

What is the function of DNA helicase?

A

unwinds double helix

59
Q

What is the function of single stranded binding proteins?

A

keep helix open

60
Q

What is the function of primase?

A

creates RNA primers to initiate synthesis

61
Q

What is the function of Ligase?

A

welds together Okazaki fragments

62
Q

What direction does DNA replication occur in?

A

it is bidirectional

63
Q

What way does the replication fork move?

A

in opposite directions

64
Q

What is the function of telomeres in linear chromosomes?

A

ensure the maintenance and accurate replication of chromosome ends

65
Q

What is the origin of replication like for circular chromosomes?

A

there is only one

66
Q

What can happen to circular chromosomes if unwinding and replication occurs?

A

supercoiling, which can impede replication

67
Q

What is the function of topoisomerase?

A

it is an enzyme that relaxes supercoils by nicking strands

68
Q

What must cells ensure the accuracy of?

A

genetic information

69
Q

How do cells keep genetic info accurate?

A

redundancy, enzymes repair chemical damage to DNA, and errors during replication are rare

70
Q

What is redundancy?

A

the basis for repair or errors that occur during replication or during storage

71
Q

Where can recombination events occur on the DNA?

A

anywhere along the DNA strand

72
Q

What do homologs do?

A

physically break, exchange parts, and rejoin

73
Q

What do breakage and repair do?

A

create reciprocal products of recombination

74
Q

What does precision in the exchange do?

A

prevents mutations from occurring during the process

75
Q

What can gene conversions result in?

A

unequal yield of two different alleles (from crossing over or from not?)

76
Q

What is the universal genetic material?

A

DNA

77
Q

What are the 5 steps of DNA replication?

A
  1. helicases unwind the parental double helix
  2. single-strand binding proteins stabilize the unwound parental DNA
  3. the leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5’-3’ direction by DNA polymerase
  4. the lagging strand synthesized discontinuously . Prime synthesizes a short RNA primer which is extended by DNA polymerase to form an Okazaki fragment
  5. after the RNA primer is replaced by DNA (by another DNA polymerase), DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragment to the growing strand
78
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

ribonucleic acid

79
Q

How is RNA similar to DNA?

A

repeating subunits, nucleotides

80
Q

How is RNA different than DNA?

A

each nucleotide contains a different sugar (ribose instead of deoxyribose), Bases are A, G, C, and U

81
Q

What is RNA’s structure?

A

single strand and shorter

82
Q

Is DNA or RNA more stable? What does this mean?

A

RNA is less stable; it does not last in the cell for long whereas DNA can last for the entire life of the cell

83
Q

What RNA molecules are involves in protein synthesis?

A

mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA

84
Q

What is transcription?

A

RNA synthesis from DNA

85
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

nucleus

86
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

carries the message about what type of protein to make from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

87
Q

How does the nucleotide sequence compare between DNA and RNA?

A

it is the same, except in RNA uracil is used instead of thymine

88
Q

What is mRNA synthesized from?

A

from DNA using base pairing

89
Q

How does DNA unwind for transcription? (???)

A

in a section

90
Q

What does RNA polymerase do?

A

attaches at the promoter sequence of DNA, and it moves along the DNA, unzipping the strands - allowing for one mRNA molecule to be formed

91
Q

What is the mRNA?

A

a complementary copy of a region on one strand of a DNA molecule

92
Q

What happens once mRNA is formed?

A

enzymes in the nucleus remove the introns and leave the exons

93
Q

What are introns?

A

non-coding sequence

94
Q

What are exons?

A

coding sequence

95
Q

What are the 3 modifications of mRNA?

A

capping, polyadenylation, and intron splicing

96
Q

What is capping?

A

the addition of 7-methylguanine cap at 5’ end to prevent degradation of mRNA

97
Q

What is polyadenylation?

A

addition of a poly-A tail on 3’ end to prevent degradation of mRNA

98
Q

What is intron splicing?

A

removal of introns

99
Q

What is a codon?

A

3 consecutive bases on the mRNA which specify an amino acid

100
Q

What does the genetic code consist of?

A

64 codons

101
Q

What codons act as signal terminators?

A

UAA, UGA, UAG

102
Q

What is the start codon? What else does it code for?

A

AUG, methionine

103
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

104
Q

What are amino acids?

A

the building blocks to make proteins

105
Q

What is translation?

A

synthesizing a protein from amino acids, according to the sequences of the nucleotides in mRNA

106
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

at the ribosomes, in cytoplasm of the cell

107
Q

What is needed for protein synthesis? Why?

A

rRNA; helps mRNA bind to the ribosome

108
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

it is a transport molecule that brings specific amino acids (codon) to the ribosome to be assembled as proteins

109
Q

What do rRNA do?

A

joins with a number of proteins to form ribosomes

110
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

the site of protein synthesis

111
Q

What do ribosomes consist of?

A

a large subunit and a small subunit

112
Q

What on the ribosome does mRNA bind to?

A

the small subunit

113
Q

What is the structure of tRNA?

A

it is folded

114
Q

What does the anticodon loop do?

A

carries anticodon to the codon on mRNA

115
Q

Where does protein synthesis occur?

A

cytoplasm

116
Q

What are amino acids?

A

the repeating sub-units of protein molecules

117
Q

What does amino acid order determine?

A

the protein and 3-dimensional shape of the molecule

118
Q

What does the structure of the protein determine?

A

function

119
Q

What does the function (biological activity) of the protein depend on?

A

its 3-D structure

120
Q

What are the steps of protein synthesis summarized?

A
  1. mRNA transcribed from DNA
  2. tRNA binds amino acids
  3. tRNA with amino acid bonds to ribosome
  4. growing peptide chain
  5. completed polypeptide chain
121
Q

What type of mutations can occur?

A

point shift and frameshift

122
Q

What is a mutation?

A

changes in the DNA sequence, that may be passed along to future generations

123
Q

What are point mutations?

A

a single base substitution

124
Q

What are frameshift mutations?

A

modifications of the reading frame after a deletion or insertion, resulting in all codons downstream being different

125
Q

What are the types of frameshift mutations?

A

deletion and insertion

126
Q

Are mutations bad?

A

not all are bad

127
Q

Are mutations common?

A

no, errors are rare but they do happen

Genetics (24 decks)

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