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Genetics > Genetic Model for Qualitative Traits > Flashcards

Genetic Model for Qualitative Traits Flashcards

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1
Q

What are simply inherited traits?

A

traits affected by one or few genes

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2
Q

What are other names for simply inherited traits?

A
  • qualitative
  • monogenic
  • monofactorial
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3
Q

What are examples of simply inherited traits?

A

coat color, presence of horns, and genetic defects like spider syndrome in sheep

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4
Q

How are phenotypic traits of simply inherited traits shown?

A

placed into categories

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5
Q

How does the environment affect simply inherited traits?

A

little effect

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6
Q

What are polygenic traits?

A

traits affected by many genes (no single gene having an overriding effect)

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7
Q

What are examples of polygenic traits?

A

growth rate, milk production, birth weight

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8
Q

How are polygenic traits generally described?

A

in numbers

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9
Q

How are polygenic traits expressed?

A

quantitative or continuous in their expression

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10
Q

What is an exception to how polygenic traits are typically expressed? Why?

A

Dystocia, it is affected by many genes but the phenotype is described in categories

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11
Q

Are polygenic traits affected by the environment?

A

yes

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12
Q

What is the basic model for quantitative traits?

A

P = µ + G + E

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13
Q

What does P represent?

A

phenotypic value of an animal for a given trait

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14
Q

What does µ represent?

A

population mean or average phenotypic value for the trait of all animals in the population

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15
Q

What does G represent?

A

the genotypic value of the animal for the trait

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16
Q

What does E represent?

A

the effect of the environmental factors on the phenotype of the animal

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17
Q

How are G and E expressed?

A

as deviations from the mean of the population

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18
Q

What do the mean of G and the mean of E equal?

A

zero

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19
Q

What is genotypic value?

A

the overall effect of all the genes carried by the animal (singly and in combination) on the phenotype of the animal for the trait

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20
Q

Is G directly measurable?

A

no

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21
Q

is P directly measurable?

A

yes

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22
Q

What is the genotypic value the sum of?

A

breeding value and gene combination value

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23
Q

What is the formula for genotypic value?

A

G= BV + GCV

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24
Q

What is breed value also called?

A

additive gene value

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25
Q

What is breeding value?

A

the sum of the effects of individual genes independent of the effects of dominance or epistasis

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26
Q

What are the effects of individual genes in terms of breeding value called?

A

independent gene effects or additive gene effects

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27
Q

What is breeding value considered as?

A

a parental value

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28
Q

What is parental value?

A

the value of an individual as a contributor of genes to the next generation

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29
Q

What must be done before animals are selected as parents of the next generation?

A

estimate their breeding values and choose those with the best breeding values

30
Q

What is GEBV?

A

gene enabled breeding value

31
Q

What does an individual transmit to its offspring?

A

a sample composed of a random half of its genes to each of its offspring

32
Q

What is used to rank animals?

A

Progeny Difference or Transmitting Ability

33
Q

PD=TA=?

A

1/2 BV

34
Q

What type of concept are Progeny Difference and Transmitting ability?

A

practical

35
Q

What are Progeny Difference and Transmitting Ability defined as?

A

the expected difference between the mean performance of the progeny of a parent and the mean performance of the progeny of all parents in the population

36
Q

What is the formula for Progeny Difference/Transmitting Ability

A

PDi = TAi = µ (offspring of parent i) – µ (offspring of all parents )

37
Q

What can Progeny Difference and Transmitting Ability be predicted with?

A

performance data

38
Q

What is the predicted value of progeny difference?

A

EPD (expected progeny difference)

39
Q

What is the predicted value of Transmitting Ability?

A

PTA (predicted transmitting ability)

40
Q

What is EPD used for?

A

beef cattle, swine, and sheep

41
Q

What is PTA used for?

A

dairy cattle

42
Q

What can BV be viewed as?

A

the sum of the additive effects of the genes inherited from the sire (father) and the additive effects of the genes inherited from the dam (mother)

43
Q

What is the formula for BV of offspring?

A

(BV sire + BV dam) / 2

44
Q

What is GCV part of?

A

the genotypic value that is due to gene combination effects (dominance and epistasis)

45
Q

Why can’t GCV be transmitted from parent to offspring?

A

because individual genes and not gene combinations survive segregation and independent assortment during meosis

46
Q

Is GCV important to selection?

A

no

47
Q

Why is GCV not important for selection?

A

because GCV cannot be transmitted from parent to offspring

48
Q

Can GCV be transmitted from parent to offspring?

A

no

49
Q

What is the full genetic model for repeated traits?

A

P = µ + BV+ GCV + E

50
Q

What is producing ability (PA) important for?

A

repeated traits

51
Q

What are repeated traits?

A

traits where the animals has more than one performance record during its lifetime

52
Q

What are examples of repeated traits?

A

milk production, offspring weight, laying rate, litter size, litter weight

53
Q

What does producing ability (PA) represent?

A

the performance potential of an animal for a repeated trait

54
Q

What is producing ability (PA) a function of?

A

all those factors which permanently affect the performance potential of the animal

55
Q

What is determined at conception and remains with the animal during its entire life?

A

genotypic value and its components

56
Q

What are the components of the genotypic value?

A

BV and GCV

57
Q

What are the two types of environmental effects?

A

permanent and temporary

58
Q

What are permanent environmental effects represented by?

A

Ep

59
Q

What are permanent environmental effects?

A

permanently affect performance

60
Q

What is producing ability (PA) affected by (idk if thats right)?

A

environment

61
Q

What are examples of permanent environmental effects?

A
  • nutrition at early development stages affects the ability of beef and dairy cows to produce milk permanently
  • a permanent problem in udder will affect milk during all productive life of cow
62
Q

What are temporary environmental effects represented by?

A

Et

63
Q

What are examples of temporary environmental effects?

A

forage quality, weather conditions, and some management practices`

64
Q

What are temporary environmental effects?

A

factors that vary from season to season or year to year and so they do not influence different records in the same way

65
Q

What is producing ability a combination of?

A

genetic and permanent environmental effects

66
Q

What is the formula for producing ability?

A

PA = G + Ep or PA=BV + GCV + Ep

67
Q

Who is producing ability important to?

A

commercial producers

68
Q

Why is producing ability important to commercial producers?

A

it is used as a measure of productive capacity

69
Q

How do dairy farmers feed their cows?

A

according to their producing ability

70
Q

What is the predicted value of PA called?

A

Most Probable Producing Ability (MPPA)

71
Q

What is the formula for prediction of the animal’s next record?

A

P=µ + MPPA

Genetics (24 decks)

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