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Genetics > Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium > Flashcards

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium Flashcards

1
Q

What is Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium?

A

In a large randomly mating population, gene and genotype frequencies will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of mutation, migration, selection, genetic drift, and recombination

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2
Q

What is the formula for allelic frequencies?

A

p+q=1

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3
Q

What is the formula for phenotypic frequencies?

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

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4
Q

What major evolutionary mechanisms are in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium? (ones that cant exist for equilibrium to be true)

A

Genetic drift, natural selection, mutation, migration

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5
Q

What can testing for Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium be used to assess?

A

whether a population is evolving

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6
Q

If a population is not in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium…

A

It can be concluded that the population is evolving

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7
Q

A population that is not evolving shows…

A

allele and genotypic frequencies that are in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium

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8
Q

What is a population?

A

A group of individuals within a species that is capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

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9
Q

According to the Hardy Weinberg principle, how do alleles and genotypes change generation to generation?

A

remain constant in a population

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10
Q

What happens to allele frequencies when, in a population, gametes contribute to the next generation randomly?

A

frequencies will not change

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11
Q

What do alleles and frequencies follow? (in terms of equilibrium)?

A

the transmission rules of Mendelian inheritance, which maintains a constant proportions in populations across generations

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12
Q

What should patterns of inheritance always be in in the absence of change?

A

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

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13
Q

What are the requirements of Hardy Weinberg?

A

large population size, random mating, no mutations, no natural selection, no migration

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14
Q

What are the requirements of evolution?

A

genetic drift, inbreeding and other, mutations, natural selection, migration

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15
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

a random change in the frequencies of a population

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16
Q

Is Hardy Weinberg Theorem something that can actually happen?

A

no it is hypothetical

17
Q

What is Hardy Weinberg Theorem?

A

in a non-evolving population, frequency of alleles and genotypes remain constant over generations

18
Q

What is recombination?

A

sex occurs and eggs are fertilized by sperm

19
Q

How is the Hardy Weinberg equation written for one locus three alleles?

A

(p + q + r)^2 = p^2 + q^2 + r^2 + 2pq +2pr +2qr

20
Q

How is the Hardy Weinberg equation written for one locus n # alleles?

A

(p1 + p2 + p3 + p4 … … + pn)^2 = p1^2 + p2^2 + p3^2 + p4^2 … … + pn^2 +2p1p2 + 2p1p3 + 2p2p3 +2p1p4 + 2p1p5 + … … +2P(n-1)Pn

21
Q

How is the Hardy Weinberg equation written for a polyploid?

A

(p+q)^c ; c = number of chromosomes

22
Q

If multiple loci (genes) encode for a trait…

A

each locus follows the Hardy Weinberg principle independently

23
Q

What are selection signatures?

A

differences in genome based on how evolved (?) (domesticated vs non-domesticated will have a big difference in selection signatures)

24
Q

How can the frequency if an allele in a population be calculated?

A

from number of individuals

25
Q

What does the number of dominant alleles at a locus equal?

A

2 alleles for each homozygous dominant individual plus 1 allele for each heterozygous individual

26
Q

What does the number of recessive alleles at a locus equal?

A

2 alleles for each homozygous recessive individual plus 1 allele for each heterozygous individual

27
Q

What does PKU stand for?

A

Phenylketonuria

28
Q

What is PKU?

A

a metabolic disorder that results from homozygosity for a recessive allele; they cannot break down phenylalanine which results in a build up of it and mental retardation

29
Q

How is PKU still in the population?

A

rare deleterious recessives often remain in a population because they are hidden in the heterozygous state (carriers)

30
Q

When can natural selection act? (like in terms of PKU)

A

only on the homozygous individuals where the phenotype is exposed (individuals who show symptoms of PKU)

31
Q

What is interesting about loci and Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium?

A

in natural populations, some loci can be out of Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, while being in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium at other loci

Genetics (24 decks)

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