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Statistics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why should you study Statistics?

A
  • objective evaluation of numbers
  • population description
  • estimate unknown values
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2
Q

What is population description?

A

a sample statistic to make inferences for a population because it is hard to count/analyze entire population

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3
Q

What is estimate unknown value?

A

breeding value

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4
Q

What is the most important value? Why?

A

breeding value; part of genetic variance that is passed from parent to offspring

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5
Q

What is an example of population desciption?

A

backfat thickness in Hampshire hogs

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6
Q

What is the formula for genetic variance?

A

Vg=Bv + GCV

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7
Q

Why do we need to measure traits?

A
  • variation

- “raw material” breeder has available for herd improvement

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8
Q

What traits are the easiest to improve?

A

traits with highest variability

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9
Q

What type of traits are discontinuous variation?

A

qualitative traits

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10
Q

Are qualitative traits affected by the environment?

A

no

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11
Q

How many genes control qualitative traits?

A

one or few

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12
Q

What type of traits are continuous variation?

A

quantitative traits

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13
Q

How many genes control quantitative traits?

A

many genes

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14
Q

Is continuous variation simple or complex?

A

highly complex

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15
Q

Are discontinuous variation traits or continuous variation traits economically important?

A

continuous variation

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16
Q

What is a quality of continuous variation?

A

many small gradations almost imperceptible to one another

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17
Q

Are samples taken from a population random or specific?

A

random

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18
Q

How are continuous variation traits highly complex?

A

a matter of genotype and environment interaction

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19
Q

What is the point of taking a sample?

A

to make inferences about a population

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20
Q

How would weaning weight in cattle be inferred?

A

take a random sample, analyze data, and then infer weaning weight of the population

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21
Q

What is population parameter?

A

numerical descriptive measure for a population; number that describes a population

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22
Q

What are examples of population parameter?

A

population mean and variance

23
Q

What is sample statistic?

A

numerical descriptive measures for a sample; estimate of population parameter

24
Q

What is central tendency?

A

in normal distribution, values are clustered at the midpoint , thinning out systematically toward both extremes

25
Q

How do biological measurements tend to be distributed?

A

normally

26
Q

What happens as better traits are selected to the distribution?

A

mean is shifted to the right

27
Q

What are the 3 measures of central tendency?

A

Mean, Median, and Mode

28
Q

What is the median?

A

value half way between the 2 extreme values

29
Q

What is the mode?

A

class with the highest frequency

30
Q

What is the mean?

A

average of all measurements in the population (sample)

31
Q

What is the most useful statistic for estimating central tendency of most populations?

A

mean

32
Q

Formula for mean?

A

X (line over X) = ∑X

33
Q

What can mean show in terms of distribution? (?)

A

Samples from a normally distributed population may

show departure from normality

34
Q

What are the measures of distribution?

A

standard deviation, standard error, and variation (?)

35
Q

What is the measure of distribution?

A
  • describes a spread, how the data varies

- deviation about the mean

36
Q

What is variance?

A
  • the measure of distribution;
  • the average squared deviation of observations from their mean
  • the sum of differences between each observation and the mean in squared values
37
Q

What is the formula for variance?

A

S^2 = = ∑ (X – X (line above) )^2

n – 1

38
Q

How is variance calculated?

A
  • each observation in a population sample first has the mean subtracted from it
  • these deviations from the mean are FIRST squared
  • then squared deviations are summed
  • the sum of squared deviations is divided by (n-1)
39
Q

What does n-1 give?

A

a more reliable estimate of population variance

40
Q

Do limited samples account for the entire range of a population?

A

no

41
Q

Why is variance squared?

A

if not, it adds up to 0

42
Q

Is variance calculated useful?

A

yes when comparing the result to the result of another population

43
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

“typical” deviation, in absolute value, of an observation drawn at random from the population, from its mean

44
Q

What is s equal to?

A

√s^2

45
Q

What is X (line above)?

A

sample mean

46
Q

What is ∑ ?

A

sum

47
Q

What is n?

A

number of observations in a sample

48
Q

What is μ?

A

population mean

49
Q

How is standard deviation used?

A

add and subtract to mean to get a range; describe variation in a population

50
Q

What does standard deviation help us picture?

A

how much variation actually exists for a trait

51
Q

What is standard error?

A

-how accurately the mean has been estimated
-If the mean were computed again from a different
sample of n individuals drawn at random from the
same population, how closely would the new estimate
of the mean correspond to the former one?

52
Q

What is the formula for standard error?

A

S. E. = S. D. /√n

53
Q

What makes up the measure of relationships?

A
  • correlation

- regression

Genetics (24 decks)

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