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Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is genetics?

A

The science of dealing with heredity and variation, seeking to discover laws governing similarities and differences in individuals related by decent

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2
Q

What are animal genetics?

A

study of the principles of inheritance in animals

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3
Q

What is animal breeding?

A

the application of the principles of animal genetics with the goal of improvement of animals

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4
Q

What is the purpose of animal breeding?

A

to improve genetically the economic efficiency of livestock production

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5
Q

What is the main tool in genetic improvement of economic merit?

A

selection

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6
Q

What is selection?

A

determination of the parents of the next generation

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7
Q

What are the two types of selection?

A

natural and artificial

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8
Q

Where does natural selection occur?

A

in nature

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9
Q

Where does artificial selection occur?

A

by humans

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10
Q

What is livestock improvement?

A

Change

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11
Q

What does selecting animals do (in terms of that graph)?

A

shift the mean

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12
Q

What is genetic fitness?

A

the capability of an organism to survive?

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of genetic fitness? (natural selection)

A

strength, size, intelligence, color, defense strategies, flexibility, longevity

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14
Q

Why is strength important?

A

animals must be able to survive to contribute to the next generation

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15
Q

Why is size important?

A

large animals are usually stronger and predators, smaller animals are able to hide and get away fast

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16
Q

Why is intelligence important?

A

If an animal is dumb, it won’t survive long

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17
Q

Why is color important?

A

camouflage, bright color warning of toxicity as seen in poison dart frogs

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18
Q

Why are defense strategies important?

A

can protect self, have fight or flight

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19
Q

Why is flexibility important?

A

flexible with nutrition allows animal to not rely on one single food source

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20
Q

Why is longevity important?

A

the longer they live, the more they can reproduce

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21
Q

What did domestication do for civilization?

A

it made it happen, shift away from hunters and gatherers

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22
Q

What are the three pathways of domestication?

A

commensal, prey, and directed

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23
Q

What animals followed the commensal pathway of domestication?

A

dogs and cats

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24
Q

What animals followed the prey pathway of domestication?

A

sheep, cattle, goat

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25
Q

What animals followed the directed pathway of domestication?

A

horses, donkeys, and camels or camelids

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26
Q

Who was Robert Bakewell?

A

father of animal breeding

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27
Q

What did Robert Bakewell invent?

A

purebred concept

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28
Q

What is purebred concept?

A

“in and in” mating system

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29
Q

What is a “in and in” mating system?

A

a kind of inbreeding

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30
Q

What was Robert Bakewell’s process?

A

set goals, developed early bull progeny test, developed record system

31
Q

What is a bull progeny test?

A

testing offspring with a goal of evaluating bull parent

32
Q

What does purebred concept result in?

A

as they mate you see a rise in uniformity and increase in homozygocity

33
Q

What is a record system used for?

A

decisions are driven by records

34
Q

What is the purpose of focusing on the male instead of the female (bull progeny test)?

A

it can change the population faster because the male can have more offspring

35
Q

In terms of the bull progeny test for dairy cattle, what can you tell based on the daughters’ performance?

A

which bull is best for milk yield

36
Q

What domestication process was used for commensal pathways?

A

self domestication/human intervention

37
Q

What are the stages of self domestication/human intervention?

A
  1. selection for tameness
  2. strict captivity - limit breeding
  3. intentional breeding
  4. trait standardization
  5. eliminate wild species (genes)
38
Q

What domestication process was used for prey and directed pathways?

A

human domestication/human intervention

39
Q

What are the stages of human domestication/human intervention?

A
  1. control herd movement
  2. eliminate “problems”
  3. selection for tameness
  4. strict captivity - limit breeding
  5. intentional breeding
  6. trait standardization
  7. eliminate wild species (genes)
40
Q

What major events in the 1800s led to development of modern genetics?

A
  • Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species, describing theory of evolution by natural selection
  • Gregor Mendel published Experiments in Plant Hybridization, which lays out the basic theory of genetics
  • Friedrich Miescher isolated “nucleic acid” (DNA/RNA) from pus cells
41
Q

What does Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution require to work?

A

heredity

42
Q

How has milk production changed over the years? Why?

A

more production but less cows; we are genetically selecting animals to be more productive then they were

43
Q

What does FE stand for?

A

Feed efficiency

44
Q

How has swine production changed over time?

A

FE=6:1 down to 2.5:1 ; 6 pounds of feed for a pig to gain 1 pound of flesh is now down to 2.5 pounds of feed for 1 pound

45
Q

How has wool production changed over time?

A

4x increase

46
Q

How has egg production changed over time?

A

Jungle fowl produced 15 eggs a year and White Leghorn produces 300 eggs a year

47
Q

How has broiler production changed over time?

A

12 weeks to 42 days (6 weeks) to reach size

48
Q

How has turkey production changed over time?

A

AI is required due to selection for breast meat (the male is much larger than the female so it cannot breed on its own)

49
Q

What do turkeys have as a result of selective breeding?

A

sexual size dimorphism

50
Q

How has beef production changed over time?

A

little change in production

51
Q

What is the only ruminant animal to have made a lot of progress in terms of production?

A

dairy

52
Q

Why has there been little change in beef production?

A

the breed standards are constantly changing, one year a desirable bull could be large but another year it could be small

53
Q

How has horse production changed over time?

A

little change, no change in speed index in 40 years

54
Q

Why has there been little change in horse production?

A

It is hard to tell whether you are measuring genetic variance or variance of the traienr

55
Q

How have dogs changed over time?

A

they are genetic wrecks

56
Q

How have cats changed over time?

A

they are starting to become genetic wrecks

57
Q

Why do dairy cattle have faster genetic/phenotypic change than beef? ????? need to listen to lecture

A

dairy cattle are bred commonly using AI, and AI isn’t used a lot in beef cattle

58
Q

Why do sheep/goats have high genetic/phenotypic change?

A

gestation cycle is smaller (2 pregnancies in a year) and can have more offspring (twins)

59
Q

What is estrus synchronization?

A

make all the animals go to heat at the same time

60
Q

Why is having animals go into estrus synchronization good?

A

by having them go into heat at the same time, you get the best efficiency of AI and all animals go into birth at the same time

61
Q

What animals is estrus synchronization used for?

A

dairy cattle and swine primarily

62
Q

Who rediscovered Mendel’s work in 1900?

A

Robert Correns, Hugo de Vries, and Erich von Tschermak

63
Q

Who was Archibald Garrod?

A

he discovered that alkaptonuria, a human disease, has a genetic basis

64
Q

Who was Gregory Bateson?

A

discovered a linkage between genes and coins word “genetics”

65
Q

What did Thomas Hunt Morgan do?

A

proves that genes are located on the chromosomes (using Drosphilia)

66
Q

What did R. A. Fisher do?

A

studied quantitative genetics by partitioning phenotypic variance into a genetic and an environmental component (P=G+E)

67
Q

What did Hermann J. Muller do?

A

showed that X rays can cause mutations

68
Q

How do x rays cause mutations?

A

change in nucleotide base, changes type of protein made

69
Q

What did Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty demonstrate?

A

DNA is the hereditary material (DNA is the transforming material, not proteins as previously thought)

70
Q

Who showed that DNA can transform bacteria?

A

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty

71
Q

What did James Watson and Francis Crick do?

A

determined that the structure of the DNA molecule

72
Q

What did Marshall Nirenberg do?

A

solve the genetic code, showing that 3 DNA bases code for 1 amino acid

73
Q

What did Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer do?

A

combined DNA from two different species in vitro and transformed it into bacterial cells (DNA cloning)

74
Q

What happened in 2001?

A

sequence of the entire human genome is announced

Genetics (24 decks)

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