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Genetics > Beef Selection > Flashcards

Beef Selection Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the parts of beef infrastructure?

A
  • purebred
  • cow/calf
  • stocker
  • feedlot
  • packer
  • consumer
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2
Q

What are the goals of beef infrastructure?

A

all different

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3
Q

What is purebred infrastructurealso known as?

A

seedstock

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4
Q

What is purebred infrastructure?

A

backbone of beef industry, provide purebreds and from that we can make all crosses

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5
Q

What is cow/calf infrastructure?

A

produce 1 weaned calf per year

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6
Q

What is the number one trait of cow/calf infrastructure?

A

reproductive

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7
Q

What is stocker infrastructure?

A

buy calves and wean then and grow (raise) them up to the point before feedlot

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8
Q

What is feedlot infrastructure?

A

fed to increase marbling (intramuscular fat) and put on weight

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9
Q

What is packer infrastructure?

A

cattle are processed (slaughtered) and cut into different sections

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10
Q

What is consumer infrastructure?

A

people go to store and buy meat

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11
Q

In what ways do beef differ from dairy?

A
  • producer goals and objectives
  • different environment and level of available natural resources
  • more traits of economic importance
  • sources of available performance needs
  • slower adaption to technology
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12
Q

How does the environment affect beef?

A

greatly affects beef performance

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13
Q

Do beef cattle make faster or slower progress than dairy?

A

slower

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14
Q

How do beef cattle compare to dairy in terms of vertical integration?

A

beef lack vertical integration

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15
Q

How are the majority of beef traits correlated compared to dairy?

A

majority of beef traits are negatively correlated

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16
Q

How do beef differ from dairy in terms of goals and objectived?

A

dairy is generally all geared towards milk production whereas beef traits are in all different directions

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17
Q

How do beef differ from dairy in terms of available performance records?

A

there is no centralized record keeping system

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18
Q

How are records kept of beef cattle?

A
  • each major breed association has its own published sire summary
  • each AI organization has own sire formats based on information from each breed association
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19
Q

What are problems with beef performance records?

A
  • sire summaries don’t mean semen or bull is available
  • BV’s calculated within breed only (cannot use sire summaries to compare breeds)
  • genotype x environment interaction can dramatically alter performance
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20
Q

Why are beef slower to adapt to technology than dairy?

A

-mainly because of small herds and part time ranchers

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21
Q

is crossbreeding used in beef cattle?

A

high level of crossbreeding

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22
Q

What is across breed EPD adjustments most useful to?

A

commercial producers purchasing bulls for use in crossbreeding programs

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23
Q

What does across breed EPD emphasize?

A
  • uniformity for rotational crossbreeding
  • divergence for terminal crossbreeding
  • divergence of birth weight EPDs for bulls to breed to first calf heifers
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24
Q

What does accuracy of across-breed EPS depend on?

A

accuracy of within-breed EPD for the bull

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25
Q

Are uniform calves desirable or undesirable?

A

desirable

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26
Q

What is important to remember for divergence of birth weight EPDs for bulls to breed to first calf heifers?

A

first calf heifers produce small calves, so if you breed with a sire that produces large calves dystocia will occur

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27
Q

What does it mean to make across breed EPD adjustments?

A

after generating EPD, they have to carry out adjustments based on the breed you are gonna be crossing

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28
Q

Beef breeds?

A
  • Hereford
  • Angus
  • Shorthorn
  • Brahman
  • Brangus
  • South Devon
  • Salers
  • Red Angus
  • Beefmaster
  • Limousin
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29
Q

Are deleterious recessive alleles selected for or against?

A

heavily selected against

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30
Q

How can deleterious recessive alleles be selected against?

A

genetic testing

31
Q

What are some diseases caused by recessive deleterious alleles?

A
  • Tibial Hemimelia

- Curly Calf Syndrome

32
Q

What breed does Tibial Hemimelia affect?

A

shorthorn cattle

33
Q

What is Tibial Hemimelia?

A

severe, lethal deformity in calves; rear legs with fused joints, large abdominal hernias, and skull deformity

34
Q

What type of disease is Tibial Hemimelia?

A

autosomal recessive

35
Q

Can an animal that has TH be sold at ASA sanctioned sales?

A

no, but it can be registered

36
Q

What breed does Curly Calf Syndrome affect?

A

Angus

37
Q

What bull is responsible for Curly Calf Syndrome?

A

GAR Precision 1680

38
Q

What type of disease is Curly Calf Syndrome?

A

autosomal recessive

39
Q

What is Curly Calf Syndrome?

A

curved spine, extended and contracted limbs, and tend to have a “thin” appearance

40
Q

What is developmental duplication?

A

one of the latest genetic disorders, calves born with extra limbs

41
Q

What can cause developmental duplication?

A

embryo environment

42
Q

What is developmental duplication called?

A

Polymelia

43
Q

What is the change of two heterozygote parents having offspring with dd?

A

25%

44
Q

What is a complication with dd?

A

incomplete penetrance, an individual might be dd but not exhibit it

45
Q

Does having dd have a high embryonic death rate?

A

yes

46
Q

What else can genetic testing be used for?

A

identify other traits (hetero vs homo polled, homo vs hetero black, tenderness markers)

47
Q

What is the tenderness marker?

A

calpain

48
Q

What is the point of genetic testing for tenderness markers?

A

to be able to pick animals that will provide more tender meat

49
Q

What are some good points about beef selection?

A
  • many economic traits have high heritability and are not sex-limited
  • many traits can be easily measured
  • consolidation of packing industry
50
Q

What are trait types that can be measured in both sexes?

A

carcass and growth

51
Q

What are examples of growth traits?

A
  • birth weight
  • weaning weight
  • yearling weight
  • ADG
52
Q

What are examples of carcass traits?

A
  • fat thickness
  • marbling score
  • REA
53
Q

What is meant by consolidation of packing industry?

A
  • boxed beef
  • desired animal carcass standardization
  • future changes in industry should be more consistent
54
Q

What are the keys to success from a genetic standpoint?

A
  • recognition of value of performance records and EBV’s
  • Recognition and identification of breeds that excel in certain characteristics
  • Selection
  • Adjusted Weaning Weights
  • MPPA
55
Q

What does recognition of value of performance records and EBVs include?

A
  • learn what they mean

- learn how they are determined

56
Q

What should you keep in mind for successful selection?

A
  • avoid fads (short term outlook)
  • determine herd objectives
  • select breeds compatible to objectives and environment
  • objective measures for selection
57
Q

What is the purpose of adjusted weaning weights?

A

to account for variations in weight between animals weaned at one time

58
Q

What are possible sources of variation within a herd?

A
  • genetic (cow/calf)
  • age of calf
  • breed
  • age of dam
  • sex of calf
59
Q

What do adjusted weaning weights eliminate?

A

some sources of variation

60
Q

know formula for adjusted weaning weights

A

((actual weight - birth weight) / age in days)) x 205 + birth weight = ADJ 205 d

61
Q

What does MPPA stand for?

A

most probable producing ability

62
Q

What does MPPA account for?

A

cows with different number of records

63
Q

What does MPPA have?

A

repeatability

64
Q

What does MPPA estimate?

A

probability of repeated documented performance in the future

65
Q

What does repeatability refer to?

A

expression of same trait at different times in the life of same individual

66
Q

What is an example of a repeatable trait?

A

weaning weight

67
Q

Is repeatability higher or lower than heritability?

A

always higher

68
Q

Why is repeatability higher than heritability?

A

because it accounts for maternal influence of cow that can be documented by previous calf performance

69
Q

As number of records increases, repeatability estimate…

A

increases since it is more known about the animal in question

70
Q

In the MPPA formula, what is n?

A

number of records for each individual

71
Q

In the MPPA formula, what is r?

A

repeatability estimate for one record

72
Q

In MPPA formula, what is HA?

A

herd average

73
Q

In MPPA formula, what is CA?

A

cow average

Genetics (24 decks)

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