Swine Flashcards
Which genetic line describes the sire?
Terminal line
What is the target number of piglets born alive per litter? What is the goal for % of stillbirths? Mummies?
10-12 piglets
Stillbirths <10%
Mummies <2%
How many piglets, ideally, should a sow produce per year?
19-20
What term descirbes an abormally small uterus and ulva?
Infantalism
What can a dorsally tipped vulva indicate?
Pseudohermaphrodite
Infertile
Inability to mate
How is the “vulva” of a male pseudohermaphrodite described?
“Fishhook” or “Sky tipped”
At what age and weight do pigs usually reach puberty?
5-8 months
200-250lbs
What are 3-4 things that can hasten the onset of puberty?
Movement/mixing of females
Lengthening the day (More light)
Introducing a boar (Boar effect)
Crossbreeding
T/F: When the outside temperatures are very cold puberty tends to be delayed.
False
Photoperiod and not temperature affects puberty
What is the most common method of hastening the onset of puberty?
Boar
Continuous exposure +/- direct contact with a smell mature male
When do pigs ovulate?
2/3 of the way through estrus (~36hours)
(24 hours after the LH peak)
Are gilts or sows in estrus for longer?
Sows
- 48-72 hours*
- Gilts= 36-48*
If you push down on a sow’s back and she runs away, what does this indicate?
Not in estrus
Why should you avoid ventilation during estrus detection with a boar?
Pheromones
How long after weaning will a sow go into estrus (i.e. the weaning-to-estrus-period)?
4-7 days
Piglets are weaned around 21 days of age
What is PG600 and what is it for?
PMSG + HCG
(FSH effect + LH effect)
Trying to get a gilt to go into heat/ synchronization
What is Altrenogest? How is it used?
Synthetic progesterone
Given in the part of feed (1lb of ration) for 14 days, then female will show signs of estrus 4-7 days after last dose
When is the CL in a sow fully formed?
Day 12
When should you deposit semen for AI?
Within 12 hours of ovulation
Sows and what other species have a CL-dependent pregnancy?
Goats
When does MRP occur?
Day 11-12
What part of the testicle is closest to the tail of the boar?
Tail of the epididymus
What part of the genital tract releases seminal plasma?
Vesicular glands
What part of the genital tract releases most of the gel fraction of ejaculate?
Bulbourethral glands
What are the 3 methods of semen collection in the boar? Which method is preferred?
Artifical vagina
Electro-ejaculator
Gloved hand method - preferred
Approximately how many mL is the ejaculate of a boar?
250-500 mL
When do sows ovulate?
a. At the beginning of estrus
b. 1/2 through estrus
c. 2/3 through estrus
d. End of estrus
c. 2/3 through estrus
Which of these is not a factor that is evaluated re: boar sperm?
a. Color
b. Odor
c. Motility of sperm
d. Somatic cell count
e. Concentration
f. Sperm morphology
d. Somatic cell count
What is CASA?
Computer Automated Semen Analysis system
What is the most important thing to assess to re: boar sperm? How is it assessed?
Sperm concentration
Spectophotometry or Hemacytometer
What is the minimum amount (%) of progressive motility of spem?
70%
Why should you not slap a sow to get up if she lies down during AI?
Inhibits the release of oxytocin and uterine contractions
How long does a normal service take in a pig?
a. 1-2 min
b. 2-5 min
c. 5-10 min
d. 10-20 min
c. 5-10 min
This is also how long AI will take (at least)
How long is the length of gestation?
114 days (+/- 2)
How many embryos are needed by which day of pregnancy for the pregnancy ot continue?
4 embryos by day 11
When are fetuses immunocompetent?
Day 70-75
What behaviors indicate that a sow is close to parturition?
Restlessness
Nest building
Frequent urination
Frequent defecation
What does it mean for a sow to be savage? What does this usually indicate?
Sow biting her young
Pain
Farrowing usually takes between
a. 1-2 hours
b. 1-5 hours
c. 5-10 hours
d. 15 min
b. 1-5 hours
How long between piglets is acceptable?
15 minutes max
T/F: A piglet will ‘claim’ a nipple within 24 hours of birth.
True
What can you give to induce parturition? (class of drug + examples)
Prostaglandins
Dinoprost tromethamine (Lutalyse) or Closprostanol (Estrumate)
Administered on day 112-113
After inducing parturition, when will farrowing happen?
In 18-36 hours
What is the most common cause of porcine dystocia? What do you give when you see a dystocia caused by this? When is this treatment counterindicated?
Uterine inertia
Adminster Oxytocin (IM q30 min) +/- calcium
Do not give if there is an obstruction
T/F: During a c-section you typically incise the left uterine horn and remove the piglets from each horn via that incision.
False, usually incise both horns
What is the prognosis for a sow with a uterine prolapse?
Grave
For how long is it normal to see lochia postpartum?
1-5 days
When does fetal mineralization occur?
Day 35
What is the earliest day that prostaglandins are effective in sows?
a. Day 6
b. Day 10
c. Day 12
d. Day 15
c. Day 12
* This is the only day that the CL is fully formed*
What occurs if the entire litter is mummified?
Pregnancy will progress to pseudopregnancy (>114days)
What is the most common cause of infertility?
Hydrosalpinx
Due to adhesions, usually in older sows
Which cause of infertility can be caused be estrus induction agents?
Cystic Ovarian Disease
Which of these infectious causes of infertility DOES NOT cause infertility due to direct disruption of spermatogenesis via localization within the parenchyma?
a. Brucella
b. Chamydia
c. Leptospira
d. Rubulavirus
c. Leptospira
Causes infertility in the sow
What are the 2 means by which bacteria cause infertility?
When they are introduced into the repro tract during breeding or parturition
When they cause septicemia (resulting in a loss of pregnancy and repro problems) or systemic illness (e.g. fever)
What is the most common infectious cause of porcine pregnancy loss?
Leptospirosis
L. pomona most commonly
How long does the vaccine against lepto last? How long is post-infection immunity?
6 months
1 year
What ca be done to reduce the shedding of lepto?
Tetracyclines
What is the method for the control of B. suis?
Test and slaughter
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is carried on the _____ of many pigs and may not cause clinical signs. The clinical course depends on _____. Abortion occurs secondary to _____ and ______.
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is carried on the TONSILS of many pigs and may not cause clinical signs. The clinical course depends on STRESS . Abortion occurs secondary to FEVER and SEPTICEMIA.
What are the 2 forms of the arterivirus that causes infertility in sows?
Reproductive failure
Post-weaning Respiratory Disease
PRRS (Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome)
How is PRRS diagnosed?
Herd serology
What does porcine parvovirus cause?
SMEDI:
Stillbirths
Mummies
Ealy Embryonic death
Infetility
No maternal signs!
What are the 2 most important vaccines the farmer must give his breeding pigs?
Lepto
Parvo
Which herpes virus can cause encephalities, reproductive failure, and reduced litter size?
Pseudorabies (Aujesky’s Virus)
How is pseudorabies eradicated from a herd?
a. Vaccinate healthy, cull sick
b. Isolate sick for 10-14 days
c. Whole herd depopulation
d. Let the disease run it’s course, no new pigs in until clinical signs resolve in all pigs
c. Whole herd depopulation
Which reporable disease that can be transmitted by semen causes anorexia, cyanosis, fever, diarrhea, vomiting and abortions?
Hog Colera / Classical Swine Fever
Pestivirus
If you notice sows on a farm exibiting signs of estrus, mammary development, and vaginal discharge what should you investigate in terms of their feed?
Look for moldy feed
(Fusarium roseum )
What toxin in Fusarium roseum causes implantation failure?
Zearalenone
What do you suspect is the cause of a late-term abortion in a sow that has cherry red tissues?
Carbon monoxide (220 ppm = toxic)
