Bovine: Induced abortion and Bulls Flashcards
Which 2 plants cause the most economic problems in the USA?
Fescue
Locoweed
Which plant causes Crooked Calf Syndrome? In what season does this occur?
Poison Hemlock
Conium maculatum
Spring
Which lupines cause severe limb and spinal deformities as well as cleft palate? When during gestation do the plants need to be ingested for these teratogenic effects to manifest?
Anagyrine (Lupinus caudatus)
Ammodendrine (Lupinus formosus)
40-70 days
Which plant causes arthrogryposis when ingested between 50-75 days?
Tabacco
Nicotiana glauca
What is the toxin found in Astragalus and Oxytropis spp. that causes neurologic signs, abortion and hydrops/arthrogryposis? Does this occur from acute ingestion at a particular point during gestation or due to chronic exposure?
Swainsonine
Chronic ingestion (4-6 weeks) Cows get “hooked”
What is the toxin in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and how does it cause abortion? Aside form chopping down the pine, how can exposure be prevented?
Isocupressic acid
Vasoconstriction at caruncles and hemorrhagic placentitis
>3 days of ingestion, caused by eating pien needles out of boredom
Prevent by offering varie of feed (corn silage)
Which plants contain mono and di-terpenes, saponins, oxygenated flavonol, and methyl esters that cause abortion and retained fetal membranes?
Broomweed or Snakeweed
Gutierrezia spp.
Keeping this plant short prevents ingestion of the toxin that causes ‘summer slump’ due to peripheral vasoconstriction. What plant does the fugus grow on and what is the toxin?
Plant: Festuca arundinacea
Toxin: Ergovaline
(Fungus: Neotyphodium coenophialum )
What accumulates in Johnson grass, Sudan grass, oats, wheat, and corn that causes methemoglobinemia, fetal hypoxia and death, and late-term aboriton?
Nitrates
Also found in fertilizers
T/F: Seasons for pest contol coincide with breeding seasons in most beef operations. While these pyrethroid insecticides do not cause issues with bull fertility, they can potentially cause altered reproduction if sex steroid profiles are disrupted in gestating cattle.
True
Which dropsical condition is more commonly seen in IVF pregancies? Is this a problem with the fetus or the placenta?
Hydroallantois
Placental dysfunction
Which dropsical condition prevents the fetus from swallowing or prevents intestinal transport of amniotic fluids?
Hydroamnios
Fetal dysfunction
What is the treatment for dropsical conditions?
Induce abortion
Slow drainage of fluid (over 24 hours)
Lots of IVF (Bilateral Jug IVCs)
Constant monitoring
What is the progesterone source in a cow during the first 150 days of gestation? Between 150-250 days? During the final month?
0-150: Corpus luteum
150-250: Placenta
Last month: Switches from placental to luteal
How can an abortion be induced in a cow who has been pregnant for 5-150 days? When will the cow go back into fertile estrus?
Single injection of PGF
8-12 days after injection (Abortion in 5-7 days, then estrus 3-5 days later)
Why must a combination of corticosteroids and PGF be given to induce abortion between 150-240 days?
Because both ovarian and placental P4 needs to be removed
25mg Dex + 25mg Lutalyse
What do you give to induce abortion in a cow when you are not sure of the length of gestation?
Combo of corticosteroids and PGF
- 25mg Dex + 25mg Lutalyse*
- Works from days 5-283*
What occurs in 80% of cows who have undergone an induced abortion after 120 days of gestation?
Retained fetal membranes
What plant causes “summer slump”?
a. Lupines
b. Fescue
c. Nitrates
d. Tabaco
b.Fescue
A cow in the final month of gestation develops severe udder edema and mild vaginal prolapse. What is indicated?
Induce parturition with Dex OR PFG alone
What are the 4 parts of a bull breeding exam that the bull must pass to be a satisfactory potential breeder? (Include any numbers)
Physical exam
Minimum scrotal circumference (based on age)
Minimum progressive motility of 30%
Minimum of 70% morphologically normal cells
Inducing an abortion in a cow at 200 days in gestation requires:
a. PFG2a
b. Corticosteroids
c. Combo PGF2a and corticosteroid
c. Combo PGF2a and corticosteroid
What measurement correlates closely with the daily sperm output in the bull?
a. Scotal circumference
b. Scotal surface area
c. Scrotal mass
d. Scrotal length
a. Scrotal circumference
What are the accessory sex glands in the bull
a. Prostate, bulbourethral, vescicular glands, ampulla
b. Prostate
c. Prostate and ampulla
d. Prostate, bulbourethral, vescicular glands
a. Prostate, bulbourethral, vescicular glands, ampulla
Which accessory sex gland(s) cannot be palpated in the bull?
Bulbourethral
(Part of rectal tissue)
What type of semen morphologic abnormality usually involves the head and middle piece and occurs due to a production (spermatogenesis) problem?
Primary
Which accessory sex gland feels like a wedding ring on a big finger?
Prostate
Which strucutre are these? Are they normal or abnormal?
Seminal vesicles
Normal (Symmetrical)
What is the most common method of semen collection? What is done in bulls refractory to this method?
Electro-ejaculation
Manual massage
What type of semen motility, gross or progressive, is evaluated using dilute semen?
Progressive
Preferred way of evaluating motility
T/F: When analyzing individual sperm motility, a circular or spiral pattern of movement indicates very health sperm.
False, healthy sperm travel in a straight line
What stain is used for analyzing sperm morphology? What is added to the slide first, stain or semen?
Eosin-Nigrosin stain
Add stain first (to prevent contamination)
You stain a semen sample with Diff-Quik and notice several WBCs. What does this indicate?
Vesciculitis
What type of semen morphologic abnormality is a defect that originates in the epididymis?
Secondary
Does penile papilloma usually affect older or younger bulls?
Younger
Which non-infectious condition affecting juvenile bulls can occur due to homosexual riding?
Penile hair ring
What is the minimal required motility for bulls?
a. 10%
b. 30%
c. 50%
d. 70%
b. 30%
Which genus, indicus or taurus, have minimal prepupal excess between the bull and cow when breeding?
Taurus
Taurus is Tight
What are 3 DDx for swelling of the sheath?
Hematoma
Retropreputial abscess
Urethral rupture
What does “Petercillin” contain and what is the purpose of using for a preputial laceration?
Tetracycline (powder) 2g
Scarlet oil 60mL
Anhydrous lanolin 500g
To reduce edema and keep tissue moisturized
How long should a bull’s post-op sexual rest period be after resection and anastomosis of the prepuce?
a. 30-60 days
b. 60-120 days
c. 120-180 days
d. 180-240 days
b. 60-120 days
When perfomring a resection and anatomosis of the prepuce, the remaining prepuce should be a minimum of ______ times the length of the free portion of penis.
a. 1 - 1.25
b. 1.25 - 1.5
c. 1.5- 2
d. 2-3
c. 1.5- 2
2 = conservative goal
What is the term for a penis which has an apical ligament that is too long?
Rainbow or Ventral deviation
What is the minimal required normal morphology for bull semen?
a. 10%
b. 30%
c. 50%
d. 70%
d. 70%
What is it called when the apical ligament cannot be maintained in a normal position?
Corkscrew or Spiral penile deviation
T/F: Swelling from a penile hematoma is usually asymmetrical, usually pooling to one side or another.
False, usually symmetrical
How long should a bull be sexually rested to recover from a penile hematoma? Do most of these bulls eventually return to service?
At least 60 days
50% return to service
Why are systemic antibiotics indicated for the treatment of a penile hematoma?
Blood is a good medium for bacterial growth
Why does an S-shaped penile deviation occur?
The apical ligament is too short
Rare
What bacteria are most commonly associated with vesiculitis? Which antibiotic is used to treat it?
- B. abortus*
- T. pyogenes*
- H. somnus*
Tetracyclines
T/F: Epididymitis is most commonly unilateral.
True
