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Therio scs RUSVM > Bovine: Pregnancy and Parturition > Flashcards

Bovine: Pregnancy and Parturition Flashcards

1
Q

When does a cow reach peak lactation?

A

2 weeks post-partum

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2
Q

What is the timeline for pregnancy checks?

A

Check for pregnancy at 30 days Check at 60 and 90 days to make sure she’s still pregnant

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3
Q

What are the 4 cardinal signs of pregnancy?

A

Fetal membrane slip

Amniotic vesicle

Placentomes

Fetus

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4
Q

How many of the cardinal signs of pregnancy must be present to call a cow pregnant?

A

At least 1

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5
Q

What is the landmark during trans-rectal palpation when doing a pregnancy check?

A

Cervix

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6
Q

Which of the cardinal signs of pregnancy is the earliest indicator of cow far along the cow is? When can it be palpated?

A

Diameter of amniotic vesicle 32-35 days

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7
Q

What is the palpable turbulence of the middle uterine artery that can be used to assist in gestational aging?

A

Fremitus

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8
Q

What is necessary for thorough examination of open tracts and early pregnancies (up to 90 days)?

A

Retraction of the uterus

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9
Q

What is the earliest sign of pregnancy? When is it palpable?

A

Membrane slip 30-90 days

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10
Q

When can placentomes first be palpated? How many must you palpate before coming to a conclusion and why?

A

80-90 days At least 3 to make sure you are not feeling ovaries

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11
Q

When can the fetus be palpated?

A

55-65 days

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12
Q

When does fetal descent begin? When is it complete? When does ascent begin and finish?

A

Descent: starts 70 days, finishes 150 days

Ascent: starts 210 days, finish 240 days

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13
Q

Which of the following is not a supportive sign of pregnancy?

Asymmetry of uterine horns

Thickening and tone of uterine wall

Fixation of cervix

Fremitus of middle uterine artery

Presence of CL

A

Thickening and tone of uterine wall

Correct= THINNING and tone of uterine wall

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14
Q

If a cow is pregnant in the left horn what side is the CL on?

A

Left

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15
Q

How can you differentiate the iliac artery from the middle uterine artery?

A

The iliac artery is immovable MUA is movable in the broad ligament

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16
Q

When is estimating the age of the fetus most accurate?

A

1st half of gestation

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17
Q

Aggressive membrane slip may terminate the pregnancy via _____ release.

A

PGF2a (Prostaglandin)

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18
Q

When can pregnancy be diagnosed via ultrasound? When can gender be determined with this modality?

A

24 days

Gender: 55-80 days

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19
Q

During palpation you notice one uterine horn is larger and has a softer tone, can you determine the cow is pregnant?

A

No, need one of the 4 cardinal signs of pregnancy

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20
Q

When can a Bovine Pregnancy Specific Protein B test detect pregnancy?

A

30 days after breeding

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21
Q

Why is testing for progesterone not a good option for pregnancy diagnosis?

A

It only indicates a CL, not a pregnancy

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22
Q

Which hormone is most prominent during estrus?

a. Progesterone b. Testosterone c. GnRH d. Estrogen

A

d. Estrogen

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23
Q

What hormone is most prominent during diestrus? a. Progesterone b. Testosterone c. GnRH d. Estrogen

A

a. Progesterone

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24
Q

What behaviors indicate sexual receptivity (i.e. estrus) of a female?

A

Standing to be mounted

Increased restlessness

Bellowing

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25
What breeding method, natural or AI, has a higher chance of resulting in conception?
Natural breeding
26
At what age are heifers usually bred?
14-15 months
27
What occurs during the voluntary waiting period? How long is this usually?
Time period after calving in which cow will not be bred 60 days (45-65d)
28
What are the 2 aspects of the open period in a dairy cow's life?
Voluntary waiting period Breeding period
29
What is a fresh cow?
A cow that has just had a calf
30
What is the computer generated graph called used for estrus detection, especially on small farms?
Q-sum graph
31
Name a few estrus detection aids,
Tail-head pressure monitors Painting or chalking the tail Lottery ticket/Scratch-off Heat detection (Heatwatch, Kamar) Pedometer Chin ball markers Gomer/Teaser bull
32
How long is the breeding season in a beef herd?
60 days
33
What does this graph indicate?
Bull failure
34
What does it mean to "control" the estrous cycle?
Using exogenous hormones to hasten or delay the onset of estrus
35
What does it mean to "synchronize" a herd of cows?
Coordinated control of estrus in multiple animals
36
T/F: The inherent fertility of estrus is improved by control or synchronization.
False, does not improve it may actually reduce it
37
When can prostaglandins be administered for estrus synchronization?
Days 6-17 of the cycle
38
How long can a CIDR be left in place? What is the purpose?
7 days *Can be used for 5* Potentially initate estrous cycle in non-cycling cows
39
How long is Melegestrol acetate (MGA) administered? What does it do?
14 days Mimics diestrus
40
What is used for follicular synchronization?
Exogenous GnRH (Cystrolin)
41
When does udder edema and milk production begin prepartum? What is 'waxing'?
1-2 weeks Dripping milk and colostrum from the udder resulting in a crusty/waxy coating
42
What initiates parturition? What hormones are released?
Fetal stress Fetal ACTH increases causing release of fetal cortisol
43
During parturition the activation/conversion of placental enzyme systems occurs, this means that _______ decrease and _______ increase.
Progestagens *(P4, pregnanes, pregnolones)* Estrogen precursors and estrogens
44
Which hormone causes relaxstion of the pelvic ligaments during parturition? Which hormone is part of the initiation of lactation?
Relaxin Prolactin
45
During parturition, what hormone receptors are up regulated in the endometrium?
Oxytocin
46
What occurs in stage I of eutocia?
Initiation of myometrial contractions Dilation of the cervix Dropping (of colostrum/milk into teats) Rupture of the chorioallantoic membrane +/- Rotation of the fetus
47
What initiates stage 2 of parturition?
Rupture of the amnion
48
Wedging of the fetus into the cervical canal stimulates oxytocin release which stimulates more uterine contractions. What is this describing?
Ferguson's reflex
49
What describes the anatomic relationship of the dorsum of the fetus relative to the maternal pelvis? Which is the desired position for delivery?
"Position" Dorso-Iliac if posterior position, dorso-sacral if anterior position
50
What describes the relationship of the spinal axis of the fetus to that of the dam and the position of the fetus that is entering the birth canal?
"Presentation"
51
What are the 3 descriptors for how a fetus is going to be born?
Presentation Position Posture
52
Is dystocia more common in primiparous or multiparous animals?
Primiparous ## Footnote * I.e. an animal that has never given birth before, Heifer or Gilt* * Cattle have highest risk, cats lowest*
53
What type of maternal cause of dystocia occurs when there is exhaustion of the myometrium after prolonged attempts to deliver the fetus? a. Primary uterine inertia b. Secondary uterine inertia c. Abnormality of the birth canal
b. Secondary uterine inertia
54
What type of maternal cause of dystocia occurs if there are few weak abdominal contractions? a. Primary uterine inertia b. Secondary uterine inertia c. Abnormality of the birth canal
a. Primary uterine inertia
55
What is the rare congenital anomaly characterized by partial or complete agenesis of lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae?
Peresomus elumbus ## Footnote *Fetal monster*
56
Which fetal cause of dystocia identified in certain Angus cattle lines and Angus crossbreeds due to a defect in fetal DNA?
Curly calf syndrome
57
What are the 2 methods for casting a cow?
Flying-W Half-hitching
58
PPP? Normal or abnormal for parturition?
Presentation: **Posterior/caudal longitudinal** Postion: **Dorso-sacral** Posture; **Complete extension of hind limbs** **NORMAL** posterior presentation
59
PPP? Normal or abnormal for parturition?
Presentation: **Anterior/cranial longitudinal** Postion: **Dorso-sacral** Posture; **Bilateral carpal flexion** **ABNORMAL** presentation
60
PPP? Normal or abnormal for parturition?
Presentation: **Anteiror/cranial longitudinal** Postion: **Dorso-sacral** Posture: :**Left shoulder flexion** **ABNORMAL** presentation
61
PPP? Normal or abnormal presentation for parturition?
Presentation: **Anterior /cranial longitudinal** Postion: **Dorso-sacral** Posture; **Complete extension of head and forelimbs** **NORMAL** anterior presentation
62
PPP? Normal or abnormal for parturition?
Presentation: **Anterior/cranial longitudinal** Postion: **Dorso-sacral** Posture:**Left lateral deviation of the head (head retained), forelimbs extended** **ABNORMAL** presentation
63
PPP? Normal or abnormal for parturition?
Presentation: **Anteiror/cranial longitudinal** Postion: **Dorso-sacral** Posture: **Right shoulder flexion** **ABNORMAL** presentation
64
PPP? Normal or abnormal for parturiton?
Presentation: **Anterior/cranial longitudinal** Postion: **Dorso-sacral** Posture: **Bilateral hip flexion** **ABNORMAL** presentation *"Dog Sitting position"*
65
PPP? Normal or abnormal position for parturition?
Presentation: **Anteiror/cranial longitudinal** Postion: **Dorso-sacral** Posture: **Complete down/ventral deviation of the head** **ABNORMAL** presentation *"Head-Breast Posture" aka "Nape Presentation"*
66
PPP?
Presentation: **Posterior/caudal longitudinal** Postion**: Dorso-sacral** Posture: **Bilateral hip flexion** *"Breech Presentation"*
67
PPP? Normal or abnormal for parturition?
Presentation: **Anterior/cranial longitudinal** Postion: **Dorso-sacral** Posture; **Left carpal flexion** **ABNORMAL** presentation
68
PPP?
Presentation: **Posterior/caudal longitudinal** Postion: **Dorso-pubic / ventral** Posture: **Extended hind limbs**
69
PPP?
Presentation: **Posterior/caudal longitudinal** Postion: **Dorso-sacral** Posture: **Bilateral hock flexion**
70
Presentation?
Transverse dorsal
71
T/F: Antiseptic solutions should not be added to warm water when washing the vulva and perineum before a vaginal exam because these can be irritating to the tissues.
False, use warm water and mild antiseptic solution
72
When palpating a mature fetus prior to parturiton, what can excessive movement of extremities or the tongue indicate?
Hypoxia
73
How can you test for fetal life when palpating a mature fetus?
Positive response to pedal, palpabral, eye ball, mouth and anal pressure by movement reflex
74
What are 2 reasons for green-stained amniotic fluid?
Meconium (caused by a stressed calf) Putrifaction (accompanied by a fetid odor, indicating a dead calf)
75
You are palpating a mature fetus and feel extremities. You can only bend them in one direction. Are you feeling fore or hind limbs?
Forelimbs

Therio scs RUSVM (18 decks)

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