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Therio scs RUSVM > Introduction (French) > Flashcards

Introduction (French) Flashcards

1
Q

List the layers of the uterus from out to in.

A

Serosa

Muscularis- Longitudinal smooth

Muscularis - Circular smooth

(Submucosa)

Mucosa

(Lumen)

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2
Q

In a cow, what is the palpable structure found between the uterine horns?

A

Intercornual ligament

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3
Q

Older or younger:

_______ cows will have small easily manipulated uterine horns, while _____ cows will have long horns that are more difficult to retract.

A

Younger cows will have small easily manipulated uterine horns, while older cows will have long horns that are more difficult to retract.

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4
Q

Do dairy or beef cows tend to have longer uterine horns?

A

Dairy

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5
Q

Generally, what does palpating the ovairies of a cow reveal?

A

Where she is in her cycle

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6
Q

What structure is more taught in mares, making them more easily palpated?

A

Broad ligament

An out-pouching of the peritoneum

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7
Q

What is structure(s) must you be aware of when trying to pass a probe through a cow’s cervix?

A

Fornix

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8
Q

What are the 2 anatomic aspects in a bitch that make AI challenging?

A

“Shelf” leading to the cervix

Angle of the cervix

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9
Q

In a cow, the ______ on the uterus attach to the ______ of the fetus to form _______. Palpating these is one of the 4 cardinak signs of pregnancy.

A

Caruncles

Cotyledons

Placentomes

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10
Q

Where can a mare support a pregnancy?

A

Uterine body

Either uterine horn

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11
Q

Which species has hormone responsive transverse folds that create the cervix?

A

Horse

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12
Q

What does the cervical tone in a mare indicate?

A

The cycle stage

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13
Q

What is the main difference between the vagina of dogs/cats compared to ruminants?

A

Cranial vagina is much larger in dogs and cats

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14
Q

Why do cells of the cranial vagina of a dog proliferate when she becomes receptive to being bred?

A

As protection from the os penis

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15
Q

What does placental scarring in a queen indicate?

A

Previous pregnancy

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16
Q

Why do cats have a long anestrus period after giving birth?

A

Placental scarring must occur (healing)

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17
Q

In which species does the left ovary only communicate (in terms of blood supply) with the left side of the uterus, and vise versa?

A

Cows

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18
Q

In which species does the blood supplying the uterus enter into systemic circulation before reaching the ovaries?

A

Horses

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19
Q

Which type/stage of follicle has 2 or more layers of cells but no antrum?

A

Secondary follicle

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20
Q

What hormone does the fluid within the antrum of a tertiary follicle contain?

A

E2 / Estrogen / Estradiol

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21
Q

What forms on an ovary after ovulation? What main hormone does this structure release? What causes the lysis of this structure and what does it subsequently become?

A

Corpus luteum (CL)

Progesterone

Uterus producing PGF2a (prostaglandin) lyses the CL

Becomes a corpus albicans (CA)

(CL3 -> CL2->CL1->CA)

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22
Q

What is the purpose of the infundibulum?

A

Capturing the egg/oocyte

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23
Q

Which part of the oviduct is made up primarily of mucosa and comprises the majority of the oviduct?

A

Ampulla

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24
Q

Which portion of the oviduct has thicker, muscular walls, with few folds?

A

Isthmus

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25
Q

Where does fertilization occur in a cow?

A

Ampullar-isthmus junction

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26
Q

Why can the the CL not be felt in a mare?

A

Because it is on the inside of the ovary

Remember mare oviaries are inside-out, the medulla is on the outside and cortex on the inside

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27
Q

Where is the only place ovulation can occur in a mare?

A

The ovulation fossa

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28
Q

A calf nudging its mother’s udder causing the release of oxytocin and thus milk-letdown is an example of what kind of reflex?

A

Neuroendocrine reflex

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29
Q

What is the neural control center for reproduction hormones?

A

Hypothalmic nuclei

Hypothalamus-Pitutary

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30
Q

What is the main repro hormone released by the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin

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31
Q

What is the difference between a male and female anterior pituitary?

A

Females have surge and tonic centers

Males have only a tonic center

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32
Q

What hormone signals the surge and tonic centers to release hormone?

A

GnRH

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33
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of reproductive hormones?

Act in small quantities

Have long half-lives

Bind specific receptors

Can cause the release of other hormones

Can stimulate the gonads

A

Have long- half lives

Correct=Have SHORT half-lives

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34
Q

What are the 3 main gonadotropins? Where are they released from?

A

FSH, LH, Prolactin

Anterior pituitary

35
Q

Which hormone feeds back positively from the follicle to the anterior pituitary and the surge center? What hormone is released when the anterior pituitary is stimulated?

A

Estrogen (E2)

FSH

36
Q

Which hormone feeds back negatively from the follicle to the anterior pituitary? Which hormone does it prevent the release of?

A

Inhibin

FSH

37
Q

Why will repeatedly giving exogenous GnRH eventually result in the exogenous hormone not having an effect?

A

Antibodies are formed against it over time

38
Q

How many peptides does GnRH have?

A

10

It is a decapeptide

39
Q

What biochemical form of repro hormone does not need to bind to a plasma membrane receptor? What receptor does this type of hormone bind to?

A

Steroids

Nuclear receptors

40
Q

What influences the onset of puberty in small ruminants and pigs as well as letting a male know who is in heat?

A

Pheromones

41
Q

On which of the following does the strength of a hormone not depend on?

Pattern and duration of secretion

Half-life

Inciting stimulus strength

Receptor density

Receptor-hormone affinity

A

Inciting stimulus strength

42
Q

What is the typical pattern of secretion of GnRH? Steroid hormones?

A

GnRH: Episodic

Steroids: Sustained

43
Q

Which organ is larger than normal in high producing dairy cows?

A

Liver

Do to increased steroid metabolism

44
Q

In which of the following are the paramesonephric tubules most fused?

Dog

Sow

Horse

Cow

A

Horse

45
Q

How long is the estrus cycle of a cow?

A

21 days

46
Q

Name 3 polyestrus species.

A

Bovine

Porcine

Rodent

47
Q

What type of estrus cycle do short-day and long-day breeders have? Which animals are short-day and which are long-day

A

Seasonal polyestrus

Short: Sheep, Goats, Deer, Elk (Prey species, breed in the dark)

Long: Horses

48
Q

What type of estrous cycle to canids and ursids have?

A

Monestrus

49
Q

What is the dominant hormone during the Follicular Phase?

A

Estrogen (E2)

50
Q

What is the dominant hormone in the Luteal Phase?

A

Progesterone (P4)

51
Q

What follows the Follicular Phase?

A

Ovulation

52
Q

What stage of the estrous cycle begins when progesterone (P4) drops? What causes this drop?

A

Proestrus

Luteolysis

53
Q

At which stage of the estrous cycle is E2 the highest?

A

Estrus

54
Q

At which stage of the estrous cycle is there a transition from E2 dominance to P4 dominance? What forms at this stage?

A

Metestrus

Corpus luteum

55
Q

What does a mature corpus luteum secrete? What stage of the estrous cycle is characterized by sustained high level secretion of this substance?

A

P4

Diestrus

56
Q

Luteolysis signals the end of which stage of the estrous cycle?

A

Diestrus

57
Q

What forms at the end of metestrus?

A

Corpus hemorrhagicum

58
Q

How long is the follicular phase in dogs? How long is the luteal phase?

A

Follicular: 18 days

9 days of proestrus, 9 days of estrus

Luteal: 2 months

Diestrus

59
Q

T/F: Dogs must ovulate 2 days before they are bred because they release an immature oocyte which needs to undergo meiosis before fertilization.

A

True

60
Q

What phase of the estrous cycle occurs in a queen who did not ovulate during estrus? The concentration of which hormone in the blood decreases during this phase?

A

Postestrus

E2

61
Q

What enables an animal to carry a developing fetus during a favorable time and give birth during an advantageous time for the newborn?

A

Seasonal anestrus

62
Q

Which hormone is low when there is a lot of light, i.e. during long photoperiods?

A

Melatonin

63
Q

Which of these is seasonally polyestrus?

Mare

Cow

Sow

Bitch

A

Mare (long-day breeders)

64
Q

The release of which hormone from what part of the body induces ovulation?

A

LH

Anterior pituitary

65
Q

Which of the following hormones does not peak during estrus?

E2

P4

LH

FSH

A

P4

66
Q

During which part of the follicular phase is estrogen the highest? Lowest?

A

Highest: Dominance

Lowest: Recruitment

67
Q

What do most follicles undergo?

A

Atresia

>99% of follicles never ovulate

68
Q

If a cow does not get pregnant during the first wave of follicular development, what can be done to shorten her cycle in order for her to become receptive sooner?

A

Lyse CL (decrease P4 to allow for ovulation)

As early as 7-8 days

69
Q

Describe the hormone dynamics during the follucular phases of recruitment, selection, and dominance.

A

Recruitment: High FSH, Low LH (No inhibin)

Selection: Low FSH, Moderate LH, Low Inhibin

Dominance: Low FSH, High LH, High Inhibin

70
Q

When LH binds to its receptor on a Theca interna cell, what is broken down into what?

A

Cholesterol into Testosterone

71
Q

When FSH binds to its receptor on a granulosa cell what is converted into what?

A

Testosterone into Estradiol/E2/Estrogen

72
Q

At which stage of development are occytes arrested prior to an LH surge?

A

Meiotic prophase/ 1st meiotic division

73
Q

Positive feedback from what hormone causes GnRH release from the surge center?

A

Estrogen

74
Q

Which species does not ovulate during estrus?

A

Cows

75
Q

What is the AM-PM rule and to which animal does it apply?

A

Cows ovulate approx 12 hours after estrus/heat so a cow that goes into heat in the morning (AM) should be bred that evening (PM), a cow that goes into heat in the evening (PM) should be bred the following morning (AM).

76
Q

What are the 3 main events that occur during the luteal phase?

A
  1. Luteinization of follicular cells to luteal cells
  2. Growth/development of CL (P4 production)
  3. Luteolysis
77
Q

What 3 hormones are produced by the CL? Which one is dominant?

A

P4 - dominant

Oxytocin

Relaxin

78
Q

Which hormone decreases myometrial tone in the cow but increases tone in the mare?

A

Progesterone

79
Q

Baring the presence of abnormal pathology, what does it mean if a cow reacts painfully upon palpation of the ovary?

A

Presence of a corpus hemorrhagicum during early metaestrus

(3-5 days after estrus)

80
Q

Which of these cannot be short-cycled?

Mares

Sows

Cows

A

Sows

81
Q

What is the source of PGF2a in domestic animals?

A

Uterine endometrium

82
Q

What is the pathway to luteolysis in ruminants? Mares? Sows?

A

Ruminants: Local countercurrent exchange from ipsilateral uterine vein and ovarian artery

Mare: Systemic

Sow: Combo of above

83
Q

What does oxytocin release stimulate when luteolysis is induced?

A

Pulse of PGF (Prostaglandin) release

This stimulates +ve feedback i.e. more oxytocin release

84
Q

When does an embryo become a fetus?

A

6 weeks (40 days) into the pregnancy

Therio scs RUSVM (18 decks)

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