Final: Pregnant Mare

Question 1

Upon which hormone does embryo transport depend?

Answer 1

Prostaglandin (PGE2)

Question 2

When is the maximum mobility phase of an embryo?

Answer 2

Days 10-12

Question 3

What forms soon after the the embro reaches the uterus? When does it disappear?

Answer 3

Embryo capsule (Polysaccharide-rich membrane between trophoectoderm and ZP)

Disappears after day 23

Question 4

When does embryo migration cease? Where does it “fix”?

Answer 4

Day 16 (post-ovulation)

Base of one uterine horn

Question 5

By convention, at what day is pregancy diagnosed via ultrasound (keeping in mind that you want to avoid missing twins)?

Answer 5

Day 14

Question 6

At which day does the embryo start looking like a guitar pick?

Answer 6

Day 18

Question 7

After diagnosis, when do you want to re-ultrasound the mare?

Answer 7

Day 24

Allantois visible ventrally

Question 8

Why do you check a mare at day 60 of pregnancy?

Answer 8

To ensure the pregancy was not lost, after 60 days loss of embryo is unlikely

Question 9

What structutres are formed by the migration of chorionic girdle cells into the maternal endometrium?

Answer 9

Endometrial cups

Question 10

What do endometrial cups produce? When does the production peak?

Answer 10

Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG)

Day 60

Question 11

Do the endometrial cups disappear faster in a mare who is on her first pregancy or on her 5th pregancy?

Answer 11

1st

So less eCG in maiden mares

Question 12

What are the necrotic cells that roll around the allantois called?

Answer 12

Hippomanne

Question 13

T/F: Large ovaries are normal in the early stage of pregnancy.

Answer 13

True

Abundant follicular development -> Secondary corpora lutea form

Question 14

When are fetal gonads larger than the mare’s?

Answer 14

Mid-gestation

Question 15

What is the relaxin source in the cow? Horse?

Answer 15

Cow: CL

Horse: Placenta Like the bitch

Question 16

What lab test can be done to confirm pregnancy after about 90 days?

Answer 16

Estrone sulfate levels

Question 17

Foal heat diarrhea occurs in foals born to ______ mares.

Answer 17

Ovariectomized

Question 18

At what day are the allantois and yolk sac approximately equal in size?

Answer 18

30

Question 19

T/F: In horses, the amnion and embryo are attached via small branching blood vessels.

Answer 19

False, no attachment

Question 20

In which sport are mares preferred to geldings?

Answer 20

Polo

Question 21

The genital tubercle starts in a neutral position and moves _____ in the male and _____ in the female. (Cranially or Caudally)

Answer 21

Cranially= male

Caudally= female

Question 22

Why may an eCG level provide a false positive?

Answer 22

Endometrial cups could have formed and the baby lost after

i.e. Because of endometrial cups

Question 23

What does an increase in the combined thickness of the uterus and placenta (CTUP) indicate?

Answer 23

Placentitis

Question 24

What are the 3 mainstays of treatment for placentitis?

Answer 24

Antimicrobials (Potentiated sulfonamides)

Anti-inflammatories (Flunixin)

Progesterone (Double dose of ReguMate)

Question 25

What biochemistry marker can use used to monitor the efficacy of placentitis treatment?

Answer 25

Serum amyloid A

Question 26

What causes focal placentitis especially in the uterine body and base of the horns, resulting in a pasty brown exudate between uterus and placenta?

Answer 26

Hematogenously acquired **Nocardioform placentitis** ## Footnote *Causes sporadic abortion*

Question 27

What does prolonged deceleration of the fetal heart rate indicate?

Answer 27

Fetal stress

Question 28

Which of these fetal samples is not commonly collected for abortion investigation? a. Liver b. Lung c. Stomach fluid d. Spinal cord e. Adrenal gland(s) f. Placenta g. Kidney

Answer 28

d. Spinal cord ## Footnote *Also spleen and cardiac blood +/- maternal serum*

Question 29

What findings indicate EHV-1 was the cause of an abortion?

Answer 29

On necropsy see: Pulmonary edema (rib impressions) Hepatic necrosis (speckled focal disseminated)

Question 30

When is a mare vaccinated for EHV-1?

Answer 30

Month 3, 5, and 7 of gestation ## Footnote *Can use live vax*

Question 31

What cause of abortion is associated with the Eastern Tent Caterpillar?

Answer 31

Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome (MRLS)

Question 32

How long is a normal umbilical cord? How many twists?

Answer 32

approx 55cm 4-5 twists

Question 33

What is more common, unliteral or bilateral twin embryo fixation?

Answer 33

Unilateral

Question 34

Twins?

Answer 34

Boo twins! Twins bad

Question 35

Twin reduction before which day of the pregnancy provides the best outcome for the other fetus?

Answer 35

19

Question 36

What is the simplest way of inducing abortion?

Answer 36

Daily injections of prostaglandin PGF2a until the abortion occurs

Question 37

What cause of abortion causes a thickened placenta, prolonged gestation, no udder development, and low relaxin concentrations?

Answer 37

Fescue toxicosis - *Acremonium* (fungus)

Question 38

What must you rule out in a horse who is colicing in mid to late pregancy?

Answer 38

Uterine torsion ## Footnote *Correct by standing flank laparotomy*

Question 39

What does painful ventral edema and a caudally facing udder indicate?

Answer 39

Ruptured prepubic tendon/abdominal muscles

Question 40

How can you minimize abdominal contractions and prevent straining?

Answer 40

Passing tracheal tube ## Footnote *Especially important if suspect/confirm abdominal muscle rupture*

Question 41

What is the average length of gestation?

Answer 41

335-342 days ## Footnote *Gilbert says around 340 days*

Question 42

Are males or females carried longer during pregnancy?

Answer 42

Males

Question 43

Which vaccine is highly dangerous for pregant horses?

Answer 43

VEE

Question 44

When should a tetanus vaccine be boostered in a pregnant mare?

Answer 44

4-6 weeks before parturition

Question 45

What are the signs of impending parturition?

Answer 45

Vulva elongation and softening Mammary gland: secretion, "wax" (colostrum) Tail relaxation (ligament relaxes)

Question 46

What is measured in milk to help predict when parturition will occur? What values indicate that it is imminent?

Answer 46

Calcium and pH Ca: 250 pH: 6.5 *Also e-lytes*

Question 47

What does allantoic adenomatous hyperplasia indicate?

Answer 47

Placental insufficiency Foal potentially compromised

Question 48

What is the simplest way to check colostrum quality?

Answer 48

Brix refractometer ## Footnote *Correlates to antibody concentration*

Question 49

If a mare is ready for foaling, what can you give to induce?

Answer 49

TINY dose of oxytocin

Question 50

What is the most common fetal cause of dystocia?

Answer 50

Malposition: **Lateral head deviation**

Question 51

If you see the cervical star emerge right at the start of parturition, what does it indicate?

Answer 51

Premature placental separation ## Footnote *Aka Red Bag*

Question 52

What does a deficiency of amniotic fluid predispose the fetus to?

Answer 52

Joint ankylosis

Question 53

Is the breeding prognosis for a mare better after a long fetotomy or a long c-section?

Answer 53

C-section

Question 54

What are 2 major potential consequences to retained fetal membranes?

Answer 54

Peritonitis Laminitis

Question 55

What can occur if you try to treat retained fetal membranes with oxytocin?

Answer 55

Uterine prolapse

Question 56

How soon after birth does the mare ovulate?

Answer 56

Within 15 days