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Therio scs RUSVM > Canine: Pregnancy, Post-partum, drugs > Flashcards

Canine: Pregnancy, Post-partum, drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Given the following P4 values, when did the LH peak occur?

Mon 1.6

Tue 1.1

Wed 1.4

Thurs 1.9

Fri 2.1

Sat 2.3

A

Friday

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2
Q

T/F: Relaxin is pregnant specific and can be used to diagnose pregnancy.

A

True

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3
Q

Metritis is a conditon that occurs in ______ while pyometra occurs during ______.

(Stage of cycle)

A

Anestrus After whelping

Diestrus

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4
Q

When is the earliest pregnancy can be diagnosed via US?

A

24 days

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5
Q

Why is radiology counterindicated before day 42 of pregnancy?

A

Teratogenic

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6
Q

When (range of days) is organogenesis complete?

A

42-45

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7
Q

When can a relaxin assay be used to confirm pregnancy?

A

28-30+ days

Can try after 20 days

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8
Q

If you can feel a “string of pearls” on abdominal palpation, how old are the fetuses?

A

21-28 days (up to 35 days)

Difficult after 35 days

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9
Q

What is the source of relaxin in a pregnant bitch or queen?

A

Placenta

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10
Q

What heart rate indicates fetal stress?

a. >200bpm
b. 190bpm
c. <180bpm

A

c. <180bpm

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11
Q

T/F: Calcium should be supplemented during pregnancy, especially after 40 days when fetal skeleton calcification occurs.

A

False (all of it is)

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12
Q

What occurs before whelping when progesterone drops?

A

Decrease in body temperature

  • ~24 hours prior to whelping*
  • P4 is thermogenic*
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13
Q

Why should temperature be monitored twice daily when trying to predict whelping? What temperature usually indicates whelping is upcoming?

A

BID or TID and look at values 12 hours appart due to transient drop

<98F

Whelping occurs the day after the temperature drops

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14
Q

What progesterone value indicates 36 hours to whelping? 18 hours? 9 hours?

A

10 ng/mL

4 ng/mL

2 ng/mL

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15
Q

Which of these IS NOT an appropriate antibiotic for a pregnant bitch?

a. Clavamox
b. Enrofloxacin
c. Cephalexin
d. Tetracycline

E. Ceftizoxime

A

d. Tetracycline
* Remember: Cephalosporins (e.g. Ceftizoxime, cephalexin)* and Quinolones (e.g. Enrofloxacin) are ok

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16
Q

What should you administer if you have confirmed absolute fetal death (i.e. all pups are dead) in a bitch?

A

PGF2a

ASAP

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17
Q

_______ falls rapidly to initiate parturition. The level will be <___ ng/mL.

A

Progesterone

2

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18
Q

T/F: Milk is evident in glands 1-7 days prior to parturition, this is a reliable predictor of parturition.

A

False, time is correct but this is not a reliable indicator

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19
Q

Removal of the “progesterone block” from the uterus allows ________ activity to begin. Receptor sites for _____ also increase at stage one of partution.

A

Myometrial

Oxytocin

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20
Q

T/F: Vomiting during the first stage of parturition can be normal.

A

True

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21
Q

What appears first during parturiton?

a. Amnion
b. Placenta
c. Head of pup
d. Confetti

A

a. Amnion

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22
Q

What is uteroverdin?

A

Accumulation of maternal blood that supplies the fetuses with iron throughout the pregnancy and is expelled as greenish-black discharge

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23
Q

What are the 3 criteria for intervention during stage 2 of parturition?

A

Active contactions > 1 hour

Rest period > 4 hours

Black thick discharge without fetus

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24
Q

T/F: Caudal and cranial longitudinal are both normal presentations for pups being born.

A

True

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25
Q

What is the default treatment for dystocia?

A

C-section

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26
Q

What must you ensure before giving oxytocin to a bitch with dystocia?

A

That there is no obstruction present

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27
Q

What can you cause if you administer too much oxytocin to a bitch wiith dystocia?

A

Tetany

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28
Q

What is the 2nd treatment given to a bitch if oxytocin did not resolve the dystocia?

A

Calcium

IV with glucose, followed by more oxytocin

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29
Q

Why is placental retention rare in dogs?

A

Because they have a zonary placenta

Zonary endotheliochorial placenta

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30
Q

What effect may a c-section have on subsequent litters?

A

Reduce in litter size of 1-2 pups

31
Q

T/F: Brownish mucoid iochia can be normal for 4-6 months postpartum.

A

False, weeks

32
Q

How many layers are there in a bitch placenta?

A

5

33
Q

When should weaning begin? When should it be complete?

A

3-4 weeks offer gruel

5-8 weeks

34
Q

What 2 things can it indicate if a bitch is neglecting one of her pups?

A

Bitch is sick

Pup is failing to thrive

35
Q

T/F: Pups require 1 full day of colostrum and then need daily milk intake.

A

False, milk and colostrum daily

36
Q

For how long are pups poikilothermic?

A

2-3 weeks

37
Q

What should the ambient temperature for pups be in the first week of life? The following 4 weeks? After that?

A

85-90F To limit viral replication

80F

70-75F

38
Q

How much weight should pups gain daily?

A

10% of birth weight

39
Q

T/F: Post-partum metritis presents as systemic illness including fever, deression, and purulent vulvar discharge.

A

True

40
Q

Should you give PGF2a to a bitch with post-partum metritis if on ultrasound the uterine wall in 3-4mm thick?

A

Yes, do not give is <1-2mm because risk rupture

41
Q

Which is a more effetive ecbolic >24 hours post-whelpingg, PGF2a or Oxytocin?

A

PGF2a

Oxytocin not as effective >24h post-whelping

42
Q

Which condition is seen 60-90 days post-estrus in the bitch and any time in the queen, usually affecting older animals?

A

Pyometra

43
Q

T/F: Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia-Metritis Pyometra complex (CEHMP) can present as a chronic or acute post-estrual disease.

A

True

44
Q

What is defective in a bitch who has developed CEHMP?

A

Down-regulation of estrogen receptors due to increaseing P4 levels

45
Q

Secondary bacterial invasion may occur in a bitch with CEHMP. What is the most common organism?

A

E. coli

46
Q

What is the treatment of choice for a closed pyometra? Open pyometra?

A

OVH for both after stabilization

47
Q

What is the term for spontaneous flow of milk from a mammary gland unassociated with pregnancy?

A

Galactorrhea

48
Q

What drug can you use to try to resolve an open cervix pyometra? How does it work?

A

PGF2a (Lutalyse, Estrumate)

Multiple small doses lyse the CL bringing down the [P4] to baseline

Treat to effect and monitor with US until uterine contents gone

49
Q

What side effects should you warn a bitch owner after administering PGF2a? What should you also include in this list when your patient is a queen?

A

Panting

Salivation

Vomiting

Defecation

(all 30-40 min duration)

Queens: Vocalization

50
Q

T/F: Oxytocin is involved in vaginal prolapse.

A

False, estrogen

51
Q

How can you treat vaginal prolapse?

A

Induce ovulation with GnRH or hCG

+/- OVH or OVX

52
Q

Which of the following is not a DDx for tissue protruding from the vulva?

a. Vaginal hyperplasia
b. Enlarged clitoris of an intersex
c. Subinvoluted placental sites
d. Transmittable veneral disease

A

c. Subinvoluted placental sites

53
Q

When talking to an owner about removing a vaginal leiomyoma, what must you make sure they are aware of?

A

Surgery can cause lifelong incontinence

54
Q

Which of the following is not a treatment for mastitis?

a. Carprofen
b. Clavamox
c. PGF2a
d. Warm cooked cabbage leaves topically

A

c. PGF2a

55
Q

T/F: It is advisable to restrict access to water for a bitch with galactorrhea.

A

True

56
Q

What is the most common benign mammary tumor?

A

Benign Mixed Mammary Tumor

57
Q

T/F: The presence of a benign mammary tumor increases the chances of developing a malignant mass.

A

True

58
Q

What % risk does a bitch spayed before her first estrous cycle have of developing mammary neoplasia? What if she is spayed after the 1st estrous? After the 2nd estrous?

A

0.5%

8%

26%

Infact have 7 x the risk if developing mammary tumors than OVH

59
Q

What main 2 locations do malignant mammary tumors metastasize to?

A

Lungs

Lymph nodes

60
Q

Which potentially hereditary post-partum condition occurs primarily in small nervous breeds leads to tonic-clonic convulsions? What is the treatment?

A

Hypocalcemia / Eclampsia

Tx: IV Calcium gluconate to effect then PO calcium for maintenance

61
Q

What post-partum condition do you suspect if you note persistent uterine bleeding and multinuclear giant (trophoblast) cells on histology?

A

Subinvolution of Placental Sites (SIPS)

62
Q

A definitive diagnosis for pregnancy in bitches is based on:

a. Measurement of P4 21 days after mating
b. Measurement of Estrone Sulphate 35 days after fertilization
c. Measurement of Relaxin 28 days after fertilization
d. Measurement of LH 19 days into diestrus

A

c. Measurement of Relaxin 28 days after fertilization

63
Q

Why is Progestin counterindicated in cats?

A

It can cause Diabetes mellitus

64
Q

What does giving Megesterol acetate starting 3 days into proestrus SID for 8 days cause?

A

Early onset of NEXT estrus (4-6 weeks early)

Stops ovulation/estrus + no pseudopregnancy

65
Q

Why should you wait until after 45 days of pregancy, or at least the first trimester, to supplement progesterone?

A

It masculinizes the female pups and can induce cryptorchidism in male pups

66
Q

What is Mibolerone used for? Why is it counterindicated in cats?

A

To prolong the interestrus interval (short IEI can cause infertility, EED, or small litter sizes)

Hepatotoxic in cats

Generally not recommended as contraceptive due to safety/efficacy issues

67
Q

What can be used to treat pyometra, retained placenta, and mismating?

A

Prostaglandin (PGF2a)

68
Q

How do Cabergoline and Bromocryptine decrease Prolactin (which leads to CL lysis)?

A

Caber= serotonin antagonist

Bromo= dopamine agonist

69
Q

What is the downside to indusing estrus with cabergoline?

A

Conception is not as high if estrus is induced

70
Q

T/F: Pseudopregnancy is normal after every estrus in bitches.

A

True

71
Q

What can be given to treat unwanted uterine contractions?

A

Terbutaline (B-2 agonist)

+ Progesterone (if Terbutaline not cutting it)

72
Q

What are 3 possible causes of unwanted uterine contractions?

A

Infection

Inflammation

Dead pup

73
Q

What is Domperidone used for?

A

To increase milk production

Therio scs RUSVM (18 decks)

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