Canine: Pregnancy, Post-partum, drugs Flashcards by Sarah Sabler

Given the following P4 values, when did the LH peak occur?

Mon 1.6

Tue 1.1

Wed 1.4

Thurs 1.9

Fri 2.1

Sat 2.3

Friday

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T/F: Relaxin is pregnant specific and can be used to diagnose pregnancy.

True

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Metritis is a conditon that occurs in ______ while pyometra occurs during ______.

(Stage of cycle)

Anestrus After whelping

Diestrus

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When is the earliest pregnancy can be diagnosed via US?

24 days

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Why is radiology counterindicated before day 42 of pregnancy?

Teratogenic

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When (range of days) is organogenesis complete?

42-45

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When can a relaxin assay be used to confirm pregnancy?

28-30+ days

Can try after 20 days

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If you can feel a “string of pearls” on abdominal palpation, how old are the fetuses?

21-28 days (up to 35 days)

Difficult after 35 days

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What is the source of relaxin in a pregnant bitch or queen?

Placenta

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What heart rate indicates fetal stress?

a. >200bpm
b. 190bpm
c. <180bpm

c. <180bpm

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T/F: Calcium should be supplemented during pregnancy, especially after 40 days when fetal skeleton calcification occurs.

False (all of it is)

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What occurs before whelping when progesterone drops?

Decrease in body temperature

~24 hours prior to whelping*
P4 is thermogenic*

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Why should temperature be monitored twice daily when trying to predict whelping? What temperature usually indicates whelping is upcoming?

BID or TID and look at values 12 hours appart due to transient drop

<98F

Whelping occurs the day after the temperature drops

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What progesterone value indicates 36 hours to whelping? 18 hours? 9 hours?

10 ng/mL

4 ng/mL

2 ng/mL

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Which of these IS NOT an appropriate antibiotic for a pregnant bitch?

a. Clavamox
b. Enrofloxacin
c. Cephalexin
d. Tetracycline

E. Ceftizoxime

d. Tetracycline
* Remember: Cephalosporins (e.g. Ceftizoxime, cephalexin)* and Quinolones (e.g. Enrofloxacin) are ok

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What should you administer if you have confirmed absolute fetal death (i.e. all pups are dead) in a bitch?

PGF2a

ASAP

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_______ falls rapidly to initiate parturition. The level will be <___ ng/mL.

Progesterone

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T/F: Milk is evident in glands 1-7 days prior to parturition, this is a reliable predictor of parturition.

False, time is correct but this is not a reliable indicator

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Removal of the “progesterone block” from the uterus allows ________ activity to begin. Receptor sites for _____ also increase at stage one of partution.

Myometrial

Oxytocin

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T/F: Vomiting during the first stage of parturition can be normal.

True

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What appears first during parturiton?

a. Amnion
b. Placenta
c. Head of pup
d. Confetti

a. Amnion

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What is uteroverdin?

Accumulation of maternal blood that supplies the fetuses with iron throughout the pregnancy and is expelled as greenish-black discharge

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What are the 3 criteria for intervention during stage 2 of parturition?

Active contactions > 1 hour

Rest period > 4 hours

Black thick discharge without fetus

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T/F: Caudal and cranial longitudinal are both normal presentations for pups being born.

True

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What is the default treatment for dystocia?

C-section

What must you ensure before giving oxytocin to a bitch with dystocia?

That there is no obstruction present

What can you cause if you administer too much oxytocin to a bitch wiith dystocia?

Tetany

What is the 2nd treatment given to a bitch if oxytocin did not resolve the dystocia?

Calcium ## Footnote *IV with glucose, followed by more oxytocin*

Why is placental retention rare in dogs?

Because they have a zonary placenta ## Footnote *Zonary endotheliochorial placenta*

What effect may a c-section have on subsequent litters?

Reduce in litter size of 1-2 pups

T/F: Brownish mucoid iochia can be normal for 4-6 months postpartum.

False, weeks

How many layers are there in a bitch placenta?

When should weaning begin? When should it be complete?

3-4 weeks *offer gruel* 5-8 weeks

What 2 things can it indicate if a bitch is neglecting one of her pups?

Bitch is sick Pup is failing to thrive

T/F: Pups require 1 full day of colostrum and then need daily milk intake.

False, milk and colostrum daily

For how long are pups poikilothermic?

2-3 weeks

What should the ambient temperature for pups be in the first week of life? The following 4 weeks? After that?

85-90F *To limit viral replication* 80F 70-75F

How much weight should pups gain daily?

10% of birth weight

T/F: Post-partum metritis presents as systemic illness including fever, deression, and purulent vulvar discharge.

True

Should you give PGF2a to a bitch with post-partum metritis if on ultrasound the uterine wall in 3-4mm thick?

Yes, do not give is \<1-2mm because risk rupture

Which is a more effetive ecbolic \>24 hours post-whelpingg, PGF2a or Oxytocin?

PGF2a ## Footnote *Oxytocin not as effective \>24h post-whelping*

Which condition is seen 60-90 days post-estrus in the bitch and any time in the queen, usually affecting older animals?

Pyometra

T/F: Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia-Metritis Pyometra complex (CEHMP) can present as a chronic or acute post-estrual disease.

True

What is defective in a bitch who has developed CEHMP?

Down-regulation of estrogen receptors due to increaseing P4 levels

Secondary bacterial invasion may occur in a bitch with CEHMP. What is the most common organism?

*E. coli*

What is the treatment of choice for a closed pyometra? Open pyometra?

OVH for both after stabilization

What is the term for spontaneous flow of milk from a mammary gland unassociated with pregnancy?

Galactorrhea

What drug can you use to try to resolve an open cervix pyometra? How does it work?

PGF2a (Lutalyse, Estrumate) Multiple small doses lyse the CL bringing down the [P4] to baseline *Treat to effect and monitor with US until uterine contents gone*

What side effects should you warn a bitch owner after administering PGF2a? What should you also include in this list when your patient is a queen?

Panting Salivation Vomiting Defecation (all 30-40 min duration) Queens: Vocalization

T/F: Oxytocin is involved in vaginal prolapse.

False, estrogen

How can you treat vaginal prolapse?

Induce ovulation with **GnRH** or hCG +/- OVH or OVX

Which of the following is not a DDx for tissue protruding from the vulva? a. Vaginal hyperplasia b. Enlarged clitoris of an intersex c. Subinvoluted placental sites d. Transmittable veneral disease

c. Subinvoluted placental sites

When talking to an owner about removing a vaginal leiomyoma, what must you make sure they are aware of?

Surgery can cause lifelong incontinence

Which of the following is not a treatment for mastitis? a. Carprofen b. Clavamox c. PGF2a d. Warm cooked cabbage leaves topically

c. PGF2a

T/F: It is advisable to restrict access to water for a bitch with galactorrhea.

True

What is the most common benign mammary tumor?

Benign Mixed Mammary Tumor

T/F: The presence of a benign mammary tumor increases the chances of developing a malignant mass.

True

What % risk does a bitch spayed before her first estrous cycle have of developing mammary neoplasia? What if she is spayed after the 1st estrous? After the 2nd estrous?

0.5% 8% 26% *Infact have 7 x the risk if developing mammary tumors than OVH*

What main 2 locations do malignant mammary tumors metastasize to?

Lungs Lymph nodes

Which potentially hereditary post-partum condition occurs primarily in small nervous breeds leads to tonic-clonic convulsions? What is the treatment?

Hypocalcemia / Eclampsia Tx: IV Calcium gluconate to effect then PO calcium for maintenance

What post-partum condition do you suspect if you note persistent uterine bleeding and multinuclear giant (trophoblast) cells on histology?

Subinvolution of Placental Sites (SIPS)

A definitive diagnosis for pregnancy in bitches is based on: a. Measurement of P4 21 days after mating b. Measurement of Estrone Sulphate 35 days after fertilization c. Measurement of Relaxin 28 days after fertilization d. Measurement of LH 19 days into diestrus

c. Measurement of Relaxin 28 days after fertilization

Why is Progestin counterindicated in cats?

It can cause Diabetes mellitus

What does giving Megesterol acetate starting 3 days into proestrus SID for 8 days cause?

Early onset of NEXT estrus (4-6 weeks early) Stops ovulation/estrus + no pseudopregnancy

Why should you wait until after 45 days of pregancy, or at least the first trimester, to supplement progesterone?

It masculinizes the female pups and can induce cryptorchidism in male pups

What is Mibolerone used for? Why is it counterindicated in cats?

To prolong the interestrus interval (short IEI can cause infertility, EED, or small litter sizes) Hepatotoxic in cats *Generally not recommended as contraceptive due to safety/efficacy issues*

What can be used to treat pyometra, retained placenta, and mismating?

Prostaglandin (PGF2a)

How do Cabergoline and Bromocryptine decrease Prolactin (which leads to CL lysis)?

Caber= serotonin antagonist Bromo= dopamine agonist

What is the downside to indusing estrus with cabergoline?

Conception is not as high if estrus is induced

T/F: Pseudopregnancy is normal after every estrus in bitches.

True

What can be given to treat unwanted uterine contractions?

Terbutaline *(B-2 agonist)* + Progesterone (if Terbutaline not cutting it)

What are 3 possible causes of unwanted uterine contractions?

Infection Inflammation Dead pup

What is Domperidone used for?

To increase milk production