Swine 3 - Aimee Flashcards
What are the possible causes of protein deficiency?
- Sub-optimal feed intake
- Complete vs. incomplete protein
- Deficiency in one or more essential amino acids
What are the two most commonly deficient amino acids?
Lysine and methionine
What does protein deficiency look like in growers/finishers?
- Reduced growth
- Poor feed conversion
- Fatter carcasses
What does protein deficiency look like in sows?
- Lower milk production
- Excess weight loss (muscle)
during lactation - Failure to exhibit postweaning estrus
What does fat deficiency cause?
- Hair loss
- Scaly dermatitis (perhaps even necrosis)
- Unthrifty appearance
- Reproductive (hormone production) issues
What diets are at risk for fat deficiency?
Non-commercial diets!
Commercial diets contain adequate fat so are not a risk!!
What does carbohydrate deficiency cause?
- Reduced growth/ADG
- Poor hair coat and dry nose
- Poor body condition
- Lack of energy
- Other illnesses
What does a calcium or phosphorus deficiency cause?
Rickets
What does a salt deficiency cause?
Poor growth
What does a sow diet low in iodine cause?
Hairless pigs
What does a zinc deficiency cause?
Parakeratosis
What contributes to iron deficiency anemia in pigs?
- Pigs are born with a low iron reserve
- Rapid growth is associated with a rapid increase in blood volume
How common is iron deficiency anemia?
Common (6-28%)
What level of hemoglobin indicates a problem?
<90 g/L Hb
What are the clinical signs / necropsy findings of iron deficiency anemia?
- Failure to grow
- Unthrifty
- Pale
- Thin walled heart
- Edema of lungs, muscles, and connective tissue
- Thin, watery blood
How is iron deficiency anemia treated?
Iron dextran
200mg/piglet around 3 days of age
How is copper related to anemia?
Can reduce rate of Hgb formation and RBC count but not very common
What are the clinical signs of salt water toxicity?
Neuro signs!!
- +/- Stilted gait
- Walking into walls
- Nose twitching > convulsions
- +/- diarrhea
What are some differentials for salt water toxicity?
- Meningitis
- Edema disease
- Organophosphates
What questions should you ask if you suspect salt water toxicity?
- Are they using liquid whey products?
- Change source of whey?
- Was there water deprivation?
- Salt levels in Feed?
The higher the level of salt in the diet the ____ is the period of water deprivation before signs are seen.
shorter
Describe recovery from salt water toxicity?
Introduce water slowly with small amounts frequently
If salt water toxicity is salt driven…
diet needs to be fixed (usually caused by human error)
If salt water toxicity is water driven…
check water pipes/access
Where do gastric ulcers occur?
Non-glandular pars esophagea
What can cause gastric ulcers?
- Particle size of diet < 500 microns
- Interrupted feed supply
- Disease & stress
What indicates salt water toxicity on post-mortem?
Gastric mucosa congestion +/- enteritis inflammation, liquid filled stomach!
What is the pathognomonic lesion associated with salt water toxicity?
Cuffing of meningeal and cerebral vessels with eosinophils
What are the stages of gastric ulcers?
- Normal
- Parakeratosis
- Erosions
- Ulceration
Clinical signs of gastric ulcers?
- Most are subclinical
- Vomiting, feed refusal, constipation
- Peracute death from intragastric hemorrhage
- ± Melena, pale pig
- Reduced appetite, slow growth
- Weight loss/emaciation due to
esophageal stricture in healed
cases
How are gastric ulcers treated?
- Diet Change (particle size, pellets to mash, buffers)
- Sucralfate
- Bismuth Subsalicylate
- Famotidine – H2 blocker
What are the types of intestinal accidents that pigs can get?
- Mesenteric Torsion
- Gastric Torsion
- Splenic Torsion
- Rectal Prolapse
What is the pathogenesis of intestinal accidents?
What are the clinical signs of intestinal accidents?
- Peracute death
- Bloated abdomen
- Pale carcass
- ± Prolapsed Rectum
What ways can intestinal accidents be controlled?
- Consistent diet
- Consistent delivery of diet
- Slow running & jumping
What causes mulberry heart disease?
Vit E/Se deficiency
What are the lesions associated with mulberry heart disease?
- Transmural myocardial hemorrhage, “paint-brush”
- Hydropericardium, and pulmonary edema
- Hydrothorax, hydroperitoneum with thick fibrin strands covering serosal
surfaces - Liver (hepatosis dietetica)
- Skeletal muscle = degeneration of longismus dorsi
What are the mycotoxins that pigs are susceptible to?
Vomitoxin and zearalenone
What are the signs of vomitoxin?
Feed refusal & vomiting
What are the signs of zearalenone?
Abortions (mainly repro) and prolapse
What are some ways to prevent against mycotoxins?
- Test feed
- Proper storage and handling
- Binding agents (clay)
