Swine 3 - Aimee

Question 1

What are the possible causes of protein deficiency?

Answer 1

• Sub-optimal feed intake
• Complete vs. incomplete protein
• Deficiency in one or more essential amino acids

Question 2

What are the two most commonly deficient amino acids?

Answer 2

Lysine and methionine

Question 3

What does protein deficiency look like in growers/finishers?

Answer 3

• Reduced growth
• Poor feed conversion
• Fatter carcasses

Question 4

What does protein deficiency look like in sows?

Answer 4

• Lower milk production
• Excess weight loss (muscle)
  during lactation
• Failure to exhibit postweaning estrus

Question 5

What does fat deficiency cause?

Answer 5

• Hair loss
• Scaly dermatitis (perhaps even necrosis)
• Unthrifty appearance
• Reproductive (hormone production) issues

Question 6

What diets are at risk for fat deficiency?

Answer 6

Non-commercial diets!

Commercial diets contain adequate fat so are not a risk!!

Question 7

What does carbohydrate deficiency cause?

Answer 7

• Reduced growth/ADG
• Poor hair coat and dry nose
• Poor body condition
• Lack of energy
• Other illnesses

Question 8

What does a calcium or phosphorus deficiency cause?

Answer 8

Rickets

Question 9

What does a salt deficiency cause?

Answer 9

Poor growth

Question 10

What does a sow diet low in iodine cause?

Answer 10

Hairless pigs

Question 11

What does a zinc deficiency cause?

Answer 11

Parakeratosis

Question 12

What contributes to iron deficiency anemia in pigs?

Answer 12

• Pigs are born with a low iron reserve
• Rapid growth is associated with a rapid increase in blood volume

Question 13

How common is iron deficiency anemia?

Answer 13

Common (6-28%)

Question 14

What level of hemoglobin indicates a problem?

Answer 14

<90 g/L Hb

Question 15

What are the clinical signs / necropsy findings of iron deficiency anemia?

Answer 15

• Failure to grow
• Unthrifty
• Pale
• Thin walled heart
• Edema of lungs, muscles, and connective tissue
• Thin, watery blood

Question 16

How is iron deficiency anemia treated?

Answer 16

Iron dextran

200mg/piglet around 3 days of age

Question 17

How is copper related to anemia?

Answer 17

Can reduce rate of Hgb formation and RBC count but not very common

Question 18

What are the clinical signs of salt water toxicity?

Answer 18

Neuro signs!!
- +/- Stilted gait
- Walking into walls
- Nose twitching > convulsions
- +/- diarrhea

Question 19

What are some differentials for salt water toxicity?

Answer 19

• Meningitis
• Edema disease
• Organophosphates

Question 20

What questions should you ask if you suspect salt water toxicity?

Answer 20

• Are they using liquid whey products?
• Change source of whey?
• Was there water deprivation?
• Salt levels in Feed?

Question 21

The higher the level of salt in the diet the ____ is the period of water deprivation before signs are seen.

Answer 21

shorter

Question 22

Describe recovery from salt water toxicity?

Answer 22

Introduce water slowly with small amounts frequently

Question 23

If salt water toxicity is salt driven…

Answer 23

diet needs to be fixed (usually caused by human error)

Question 24

If salt water toxicity is water driven…

Answer 24

check water pipes/access

Question 25

Where do gastric ulcers occur?

Answer 25

Non-glandular pars esophagea

Question 26

What can cause gastric ulcers?

Answer 26

- Particle size of diet < 500 microns - Interrupted feed supply - Disease & stress

Question 27

What indicates salt water toxicity on post-mortem?

Answer 27

Gastric mucosa congestion +/- enteritis inflammation, liquid filled stomach!

Question 28

What is the pathognomonic lesion associated with salt water toxicity?

Answer 28

Cuffing of meningeal and cerebral vessels with eosinophils

Question 29

What are the stages of gastric ulcers?

Answer 29

1. Normal 2. Parakeratosis 3. Erosions 4. Ulceration

Question 30

Clinical signs of gastric ulcers?

Answer 30

- Most are subclinical - Vomiting, feed refusal, constipation - Peracute death from intragastric hemorrhage - ± Melena, pale pig - Reduced appetite, slow growth - Weight loss/emaciation due to esophageal stricture in healed cases

Question 31

How are gastric ulcers treated?

Answer 31

- Diet Change (particle size, pellets to mash, buffers) - Sucralfate - Bismuth Subsalicylate - Famotidine – H2 blocker

Question 32

What are the types of intestinal accidents that pigs can get?

Answer 32

- Mesenteric Torsion - Gastric Torsion - Splenic Torsion - Rectal Prolapse

Question 33

What is the pathogenesis of intestinal accidents?

Answer 33

Question 34

What are the clinical signs of intestinal accidents?

Answer 34

- Peracute death - Bloated abdomen - Pale carcass - ± Prolapsed Rectum

Question 35

What ways can intestinal accidents be controlled?

Answer 35

- Consistent diet - Consistent delivery of diet - Slow running & jumping

Question 36

What causes mulberry heart disease?

Answer 36

Vit E/Se deficiency

Question 37

What are the lesions associated with mulberry heart disease?

Answer 37

- Transmural myocardial hemorrhage, “paint-brush” - Hydropericardium, and pulmonary edema - Hydrothorax, hydroperitoneum with thick fibrin strands covering serosal surfaces - Liver (hepatosis dietetica) - Skeletal muscle = degeneration of longismus dorsi

Question 38

What are the mycotoxins that pigs are susceptible to?

Answer 38

Vomitoxin and zearalenone

Question 39

What are the signs of vomitoxin?

Answer 39

Feed refusal & vomiting

Question 40

What are the signs of zearalenone?

Answer 40

Abortions (mainly repro) and prolapse

Question 41

What are some ways to prevent against mycotoxins?

Answer 41

- Test feed - Proper storage and handling - Binding agents (clay)