Dairy 1 - Emily

Question 1

What is the main source of energy for adult cattle?

Answer 1

Fatty acids

Question 2

What is the main source of protein (nitrogen) for adult cattle?

Answer 2

Microbial protein

Question 3

What percentage of lipids do we allow in an adult cow diet and why?

Answer 3

Only 7% because lipids can disintegrate bacteria

Question 4

Why is eructation important?

Answer 4

It eliminates gas to reduce bloat

Question 5

What are you feeding before the cow?

Answer 5

The microbiome

Question 6

What is the most important VFA for energy (gluconeogenesis)?

Answer 6

Proprionate

Question 7

What can grain overload cause?

Answer 7

Acidosis

Question 8

What do cows have instead of upper incisor teeth?

Answer 8

Dental pad

Question 9

What is saliva a source of?

Answer 9

N (urea)
Buffers (NaHCO3)

Question 10

A roughage diet will cause the cow to produce ______ saliva

Answer 10

More

Question 11

Why does a decrease in ruminal pH stop rumination?

Answer 11

To stop more acid production

Question 12

What occurs when the rumen ecosystem is disturbed?

Answer 12

Detrimental effects on animal health and productivity

Question 13

Bacteria make up _________% of the ruminal microbiota

Answer 13

50-60%

Question 14

Protozoa make up ________% of the ruminal microbiota

Answer 14

30-40%

Question 15

Fungi make up ____% of ruminal microbiota

Answer 15

5%

Question 16

Archaea make up ____% of ruminal microbiota

Answer 16

4%

Question 17

Ruminal microbiota is influenced by (3 things)

Answer 17

1. Ruminal conditions (pH)
2. Substrate (diet)
3. Resistance to end-products (VFA)

Question 18

What are the end products of ruminal fermentation?

Answer 18

-VFA
-Methane
-CO2
-Heat

Question 19

What are the 4 non-CHO substrates?

Answer 19

1. AA’s
2. Glycerol
3. Lactate
4. Proprionate

Question 20

What molecule goes into the krebs cycle?

Answer 20

Acetyl-coA

Question 21

What is dry matter intake influenced by?

Answer 21

1. Rumen fill*
2. Environmental temperature
3. Water availability

Question 22

A high grain diet can only be fed ______ term

Answer 22

Short

Question 23

What part of a plant cell is structural CHO?

Answer 23

Cell wall (cellulose, hemicellulose(NDFs), cellulolytic microbiota)

Question 24

What part of the plant cell is non-structural CHO?

Answer 24

Cell content (starch, sugar, amylolytic microbiota)

Question 25

What are the 3 VFA's?

Answer 25

Acetate Butyrate Proprionate

Question 26

What is the main precursor for milk fat synthesis and contains the most fiber?

Answer 26

Acetate

Question 27

What is the precursor of ketone bodies?

Answer 27

Butyrate

Question 28

What is the precursor for milk lactose synthesis and is the main energy source for the cow?

Answer 28

Proprionate

Question 29

What are the 2 fates of crude protein?

Answer 29

RDP (rumen degradable protein) RUP (rumen undegradable protein)

Question 30

What is non-protein nitrogen (NPN)?

Answer 30

Urea

Question 31

What are some good sources of crude protein?

Answer 31

-Canola meal -Soybean meal -Distiller's grains

Question 32

Why cant animal-based proteins be used?

Answer 32

Because of BSE

Question 33

Lipids are not __________

Answer 33

Fermented

Question 34

What are ruminal microbiota intolerant to?

Answer 34

High-fat diets (should only be 5-7% of diet)

Question 35

What is biohydrogenation?

Answer 35

Unsaturated fats converted to saturated fats, which is a bit less toxic

Question 36

What is by-passing fat?

Answer 36

An energy-expensive mechanism that allows fat droplets to be chemically treated to escape the rumen and be absorbed in the abomasum

Question 37

What are some macro minerals?

Answer 37

-Na -Cl -Ca -P -Mg -K -S

Question 38

What are some micro minerals?

Answer 38

-Copper -Cobalt -Iodine -Iron -Manganese -Selenium -Zinc

Question 39

What is the recommended method of mineral delivery?

Answer 39

Force fed (mixed in TMR, mixed in grain/forage, top-dressed)

Question 40

What are some fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 40

A, D, E

Question 41

What are some water soluble vitamins?

Answer 41

Biotin, niacin (B3), thiamine, B12

Question 42

Most water soluble vitamins are produced by _________ _______

Answer 42

Ruminal microbes

Question 43

What is the recommended way to deliver vitamins?

Answer 43

Force fed (mixed in TMR, mixed in grain/forage, top-dressed)

Question 44

What are two other methods of vitamin delivery?

Answer 44

1. Injected (dry and transition cows) 2. Water (water soluble)

Question 45

What are 3 main goals of feeding dairy cows?

Answer 45

1. Increase milk production with minimal body condition loss 2. Healthy cows and healthy calves 3. Quick return to fertility (1 calf/year)