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VETM 465: Applied Nutrition > SA 5 - Emily > Flashcards

SA 5 - Emily Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common form of malnutrition?

A

Obesity

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2
Q

What are the 2 primary causes of obesity in dogs and cats?

A

-Consumption of excess calories
-Lack of exercise

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3
Q

Are dogs and cats equally affected by obesity?

A

Ya

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4
Q

Why are neutered animals more likely to become obese?

A

Decreased energy expenditure

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5
Q

Which purebred dog breeds are predisposed to obesity?

A

-Labrador retrievers (Rex was a lil fat at one point)
-Sheltie
-Beagle

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6
Q

Is pet obesity more likely if the owner is obese?

A

Ya

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7
Q

Which canine behaviours predispose to obesity?

A

-Engorgement
-Competition

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8
Q

What are some established deleterious effects of obesity?

A

-Musculoskeletal problems
-Immunosuppression
-Glucose intolerance and insulin resistance (diabetes)
-Hepatic lipidosis (cats)
-Difficulty in drug dosing
-Increased risk during anesthesia
-Increased risk of cancer
-Significantly shorter lifespan

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9
Q

What are some ways in which owners complicate the management of obesity?

A

-Directly responsible (too many cookies)
-May not recognize the problem
-Must be completely convinced of benefits for weight loss to be successful

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10
Q

Who are all involved in the success of a pets weight loss program?

A

-Veterinarian
-Techs and support staff
-Owner

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11
Q

What are the 6 steps to a successful weight loss program?

A
  1. Thorough patient assessment
  2. Determine energy intake for weight loss
  3. Choose a weight loss ration
  4. Institute the program
  5. Monitor patient progress
  6. Transition to maintenance diet
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12
Q

What is the first step of patient assessment for a weight loss program?

A

Identification of obese animals through body condition scoring and weight.
–> Palpate ribs, waist, tail head, abdomen and inguinal fat pad to convince owner of necessary weight loss

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13
Q

What is the second step of patient assessment after BCSing?

A

Confirm uncomplicated obesity and rule out medical causes (medications, hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism)

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14
Q

How would you determine energy intake for weight loss?

A

-Estimate ideal body weight
-Calculate maintenance energy requirement in kcal/day for ideal body weight
-Adjust downward to allow weight loss (multiply by 0.6-0.8)

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15
Q

Why would you want to be more conservative when determining energy intake for weight loss in cats?

A

They can develop hepatic lipidosis if their body is mobilizing lipids too quickly

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16
Q

What kind of ration should you choose?

A

One formulated for weight loss

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17
Q

What are the two primary categories that weight loss products differ in?

A
  1. Protein content
  2. Fiber type and quantity
    –> insoluble vs soluble
    –> high fiber vs low fiber
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18
Q

What may occur during weight loss that is not good?

A

Loss of lean body mass, which leads to loss of function of enzymes, visceral and circulating protein

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19
Q

What is maximized and minimized with optimal weight loss?

A

Maximized loss of adipose tissue and minimized loss of lean body mass

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20
Q

How can a loss of lean body mass be avoided during weight loss?

A

Ingestion of ample dietary protein

21
Q

Are traditional weight loss products high in soluble or insoluble fiber?

A

Insoluble

22
Q

What is the thought behind a weight loss diet with high fiber?

A

Decreased energy intake due to a decreased caloric density and increased satiety (feeling full)

23
Q

What are undesirable effects of a high fiber diet?

A

-Increased frequency of defecation
-Abdominal distention
-Flatulence
-Poor coat quality
-Compromised nutrient absorption

24
Q

Why is a low fiber approach being adopted by some manufacturers?

A

-Decreased content of mixed fiber sources (still low in fat and overall caloric density)
-Improved stool quality
-Superior coat and body condition during weight loss

25
Q

Why is there no weight loss diet that’s better than the others?

A

-Manufacturers often cite unpublished data
-Large, randomized clinical study is necessary to directly compare products

26
Q

What should be included in the instructions for the owner?

A

-Type of food
-Amount to feed
-Frequency
-Deduct treats by half
-Do not reward begging
-Daily 10 minute walk, increase by 5-10 minutes per week

27
Q

What is the safest way to lose weight?

A

Slowly! Should take weeks to months

28
Q

What is a method that owners can use to track their pets weight loss?

A

Journals/logs that record weight at each check in.
-Helps motivate owner
-Helpful for troubleshooting

29
Q

What should the next steps be if weight loss is not occurring?

A

-Discuss situation with owner
-Carefully review amount being fed, who is feeding, and exercise schedule
-Identify and correct problem areas

30
Q

Once the ideal weight is reached, what should occur?

A

-Switch to maintenance diet with less calorie dense products
-Continue owner instructions (ration, amount, treats, exercise)
-Frequent rechecks to ensure stable weight

31
Q

Is acute small intestinal disease more common in dogs or cats?

A

Dogs

32
Q

What are some possible etiologies for acute small intestinal disease?

A

-Dietary indiscretion
-Infectious
-Idiopathic
-Inflammatory

33
Q

What does acute small intestinal disease usually respond to?

A

-NPO (nothing by mouth)
-Fluids
-GI protectants
-Dietary therapy

34
Q

What are recommendations for nutritional management of acute small intestinal disease?

A

-Bland, highly digestible, low residue ration (low fiber, relatively reduced fat content)
-Conservative feeding schedule (small, frequent portions, gradual increase to calculated requirement)
-Gradual return to regular diet

35
Q

What investigative diagnostics should be done with chronic small intestinal disease?

A

-Blood work
-Fecal analysis
-Imaging
-Endoscopy or laparotomy with biopsies

36
Q

What are some possible etiologies of chronic small intestinal disease?

A

-Neoplasia
-Infectious
-Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
-Lymphangiectasia

37
Q

What are common pathologic features of chronic small intestinal disease?

A

-Decreased brush border enzymes
-Decreased absorptive area
-Carbs, peptides and fats remain in gut (osmotic diarrhea)
-Secretory diarrhea secondary to inflammation
-Poor body condition (loss of fluids, electrolytes and nutrients)

38
Q

What does a typical diet for the management of chronic small intestinal disease consist of?

A

-Highly digestible, low residue
-Low in simple carbohydrates, lactose free
-Low-moderate fat
-Adequate high biologic value protein content

39
Q

What should you consider with inadequate voluntary intake or compromised gut function?

A

Assisted feeding

40
Q

What is a PREbiotic?

A

Naturally occurring fibers resistant to enzymatic digestion but fermented by intestinal bacteria
–>promotes growth of beneficial microorganisms in the gut

41
Q

What is a PRObiotic?

A

Viable microorganisms that transiently become part of gut microflora after ingestion and exert beneficial qualities
–>inhibit pathogens and modulate immune function

42
Q

What are the 2 most common prebiotics used?

A

-Fructooligosaccharides (FOS)
-Mannanoligosaccharides (MOS)

43
Q

What are some potential benefits of FOS and MOS?

A

-Competition with pathogens for substrate
-Interference with pathogen binding at epithelium
-Direct interaction with mucosal immune system

44
Q

What are some gut health benefits of probiotics?

A

-Prevention and treatment of GI disease
-Augmentation of immune function

45
Q

What are some GI diseases that probiotics can help with?

A

-Dietary indiscretion
-Kitten/puppy diarrhea
-IBD
-Stress diarrhea
-Antibiotic-associated diarrhea

46
Q

What are two situations in which probiotics would be contraindicated?

A

-Severely compromised intestinal mucosal barrier
-Immunosuppressive therapy including chemotherapy

47
Q

What are two commonly used commercial veterinary probiotics?

A

-Purina: Forti Flora
-Ceva Animal Health: ProGut Plus

48
Q

Is the use of yogurt as a probiotic recommended in pets?

A

No evidence to support the efficacy of it so prob not

VETM 465: Applied Nutrition (20 decks)

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