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VETM 465: Applied Nutrition > SA 5 - Emily > Flashcards

SA 5 - Emily Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common form of malnutrition?

A

Obesity

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2
Q

What are the 2 primary causes of obesity in dogs and cats?

A

-Consumption of excess calories
-Lack of exercise

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3
Q

Are dogs and cats equally affected by obesity?

A

Ya

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4
Q

Why are neutered animals more likely to become obese?

A

Decreased energy expenditure

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5
Q

Which purebred dog breeds are predisposed to obesity?

A

-Labrador retrievers (Rex was a lil fat at one point)
-Sheltie
-Beagle

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6
Q

Is pet obesity more likely if the owner is obese?

A

Ya

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7
Q

Which canine behaviours predispose to obesity?

A

-Engorgement
-Competition

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8
Q

What are some established deleterious effects of obesity?

A

-Musculoskeletal problems
-Immunosuppression
-Glucose intolerance and insulin resistance (diabetes)
-Hepatic lipidosis (cats)
-Difficulty in drug dosing
-Increased risk during anesthesia
-Increased risk of cancer
-Significantly shorter lifespan

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9
Q

What are some ways in which owners complicate the management of obesity?

A

-Directly responsible (too many cookies)
-May not recognize the problem
-Must be completely convinced of benefits for weight loss to be successful

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10
Q

Who are all involved in the success of a pets weight loss program?

A

-Veterinarian
-Techs and support staff
-Owner

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11
Q

What are the 6 steps to a successful weight loss program?

A
  1. Thorough patient assessment
  2. Determine energy intake for weight loss
  3. Choose a weight loss ration
  4. Institute the program
  5. Monitor patient progress
  6. Transition to maintenance diet
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12
Q

What is the first step of patient assessment for a weight loss program?

A

Identification of obese animals through body condition scoring and weight.
–> Palpate ribs, waist, tail head, abdomen and inguinal fat pad to convince owner of necessary weight loss

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13
Q

What is the second step of patient assessment after BCSing?

A

Confirm uncomplicated obesity and rule out medical causes (medications, hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism)

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14
Q

How would you determine energy intake for weight loss?

A

-Estimate ideal body weight
-Calculate maintenance energy requirement in kcal/day for ideal body weight
-Adjust downward to allow weight loss (multiply by 0.6-0.8)

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15
Q

Why would you want to be more conservative when determining energy intake for weight loss in cats?

A

They can develop hepatic lipidosis if their body is mobilizing lipids too quickly

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16
Q

What kind of ration should you choose?

A

One formulated for weight loss

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17
Q

What are the two primary categories that weight loss products differ in?

A
  1. Protein content
  2. Fiber type and quantity
    –> insoluble vs soluble
    –> high fiber vs low fiber
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18
Q

What may occur during weight loss that is not good?

A

Loss of lean body mass, which leads to loss of function of enzymes, visceral and circulating protein

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19
Q

What is maximized and minimized with optimal weight loss?

A

Maximized loss of adipose tissue and minimized loss of lean body mass

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20
Q

How can a loss of lean body mass be avoided during weight loss?

A

Ingestion of ample dietary protein

21
Q

Are traditional weight loss products high in soluble or insoluble fiber?

22
Q

What is the thought behind a weight loss diet with high fiber?

A

Decreased energy intake due to a decreased caloric density and increased satiety (feeling full)

23
Q

What are undesirable effects of a high fiber diet?

A

-Increased frequency of defecation
-Abdominal distention
-Flatulence
-Poor coat quality
-Compromised nutrient absorption

24
Q

Why is a low fiber approach being adopted by some manufacturers?

A

-Decreased content of mixed fiber sources (still low in fat and overall caloric density)
-Improved stool quality
-Superior coat and body condition during weight loss

25
Why is there no weight loss diet that's better than the others?
-Manufacturers often cite unpublished data -Large, randomized clinical study is necessary to directly compare products
26
What should be included in the instructions for the owner?
-Type of food -Amount to feed -Frequency -Deduct treats by half -Do not reward begging -Daily 10 minute walk, increase by 5-10 minutes per week
27
What is the safest way to lose weight?
Slowly! Should take weeks to months
28
What is a method that owners can use to track their pets weight loss?
Journals/logs that record weight at each check in. -Helps motivate owner -Helpful for troubleshooting
29
What should the next steps be if weight loss is not occurring?
-Discuss situation with owner -Carefully review amount being fed, who is feeding, and exercise schedule -Identify and correct problem areas
30
Once the ideal weight is reached, what should occur?
-Switch to maintenance diet with less calorie dense products -Continue owner instructions (ration, amount, treats, exercise) -Frequent rechecks to ensure stable weight
31
Is acute small intestinal disease more common in dogs or cats?
Dogs
32
What are some possible etiologies for acute small intestinal disease?
-Dietary indiscretion -Infectious -Idiopathic -Inflammatory
33
What does acute small intestinal disease usually respond to?
-NPO (nothing by mouth) -Fluids -GI protectants -Dietary therapy
34
What are recommendations for nutritional management of acute small intestinal disease?
-Bland, highly digestible, low residue ration (low fiber, relatively reduced fat content) -Conservative feeding schedule (small, frequent portions, gradual increase to calculated requirement) -Gradual return to regular diet
35
What investigative diagnostics should be done with chronic small intestinal disease?
-Blood work -Fecal analysis -Imaging -Endoscopy or laparotomy with biopsies
36
What are some possible etiologies of chronic small intestinal disease?
-Neoplasia -Infectious -Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) -Lymphangiectasia
37
What are common pathologic features of chronic small intestinal disease?
-Decreased brush border enzymes -Decreased absorptive area -Carbs, peptides and fats remain in gut (osmotic diarrhea) -Secretory diarrhea secondary to inflammation -Poor body condition (loss of fluids, electrolytes and nutrients)
38
What does a typical diet for the management of chronic small intestinal disease consist of?
-Highly digestible, low residue -Low in simple carbohydrates, lactose free -Low-moderate fat -Adequate high biologic value protein content
39
What should you consider with inadequate voluntary intake or compromised gut function?
Assisted feeding
40
What is a PREbiotic?
Naturally occurring fibers resistant to enzymatic digestion but fermented by intestinal bacteria -->promotes growth of beneficial microorganisms in the gut
41
What is a PRObiotic?
Viable microorganisms that transiently become part of gut microflora after ingestion and exert beneficial qualities -->inhibit pathogens and modulate immune function
42
What are the 2 most common prebiotics used?
-Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) -Mannanoligosaccharides (MOS)
43
What are some potential benefits of FOS and MOS?
-Competition with pathogens for substrate -Interference with pathogen binding at epithelium -Direct interaction with mucosal immune system
44
What are some gut health benefits of probiotics?
-Prevention and treatment of GI disease -Augmentation of immune function
45
What are some GI diseases that probiotics can help with?
-Dietary indiscretion -Kitten/puppy diarrhea -IBD -Stress diarrhea -Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
46
What are two situations in which probiotics would be contraindicated?
-Severely compromised intestinal mucosal barrier -Immunosuppressive therapy including chemotherapy
47
What are two commonly used commercial veterinary probiotics?
-Purina: Forti Flora -Ceva Animal Health: ProGut Plus
48
Is the use of yogurt as a probiotic recommended in pets?
No evidence to support the efficacy of it so prob not

VETM 465: Applied Nutrition (20 decks)

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