SA 5 - Emily Flashcards
What is the most common form of malnutrition?
Obesity
What are the 2 primary causes of obesity in dogs and cats?
-Consumption of excess calories
-Lack of exercise
Are dogs and cats equally affected by obesity?
Ya
Why are neutered animals more likely to become obese?
Decreased energy expenditure
Which purebred dog breeds are predisposed to obesity?
-Labrador retrievers (Rex was a lil fat at one point)
-Sheltie
-Beagle
Is pet obesity more likely if the owner is obese?
Ya
Which canine behaviours predispose to obesity?
-Engorgement
-Competition
What are some established deleterious effects of obesity?
-Musculoskeletal problems
-Immunosuppression
-Glucose intolerance and insulin resistance (diabetes)
-Hepatic lipidosis (cats)
-Difficulty in drug dosing
-Increased risk during anesthesia
-Increased risk of cancer
-Significantly shorter lifespan
What are some ways in which owners complicate the management of obesity?
-Directly responsible (too many cookies)
-May not recognize the problem
-Must be completely convinced of benefits for weight loss to be successful
Who are all involved in the success of a pets weight loss program?
-Veterinarian
-Techs and support staff
-Owner
What are the 6 steps to a successful weight loss program?
- Thorough patient assessment
- Determine energy intake for weight loss
- Choose a weight loss ration
- Institute the program
- Monitor patient progress
- Transition to maintenance diet
What is the first step of patient assessment for a weight loss program?
Identification of obese animals through body condition scoring and weight.
–> Palpate ribs, waist, tail head, abdomen and inguinal fat pad to convince owner of necessary weight loss
What is the second step of patient assessment after BCSing?
Confirm uncomplicated obesity and rule out medical causes (medications, hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism)
How would you determine energy intake for weight loss?
-Estimate ideal body weight
-Calculate maintenance energy requirement in kcal/day for ideal body weight
-Adjust downward to allow weight loss (multiply by 0.6-0.8)
Why would you want to be more conservative when determining energy intake for weight loss in cats?
They can develop hepatic lipidosis if their body is mobilizing lipids too quickly
What kind of ration should you choose?
One formulated for weight loss
What are the two primary categories that weight loss products differ in?
- Protein content
- Fiber type and quantity
–> insoluble vs soluble
–> high fiber vs low fiber
What may occur during weight loss that is not good?
Loss of lean body mass, which leads to loss of function of enzymes, visceral and circulating protein
What is maximized and minimized with optimal weight loss?
Maximized loss of adipose tissue and minimized loss of lean body mass
How can a loss of lean body mass be avoided during weight loss?
Ingestion of ample dietary protein
Are traditional weight loss products high in soluble or insoluble fiber?
Insoluble
What is the thought behind a weight loss diet with high fiber?
Decreased energy intake due to a decreased caloric density and increased satiety (feeling full)
What are undesirable effects of a high fiber diet?
-Increased frequency of defecation
-Abdominal distention
-Flatulence
-Poor coat quality
-Compromised nutrient absorption
Why is a low fiber approach being adopted by some manufacturers?
-Decreased content of mixed fiber sources (still low in fat and overall caloric density)
-Improved stool quality
-Superior coat and body condition during weight loss
Why is there no weight loss diet that’s better than the others?
-Manufacturers often cite unpublished data
-Large, randomized clinical study is necessary to directly compare products
What should be included in the instructions for the owner?
-Type of food
-Amount to feed
-Frequency
-Deduct treats by half
-Do not reward begging
-Daily 10 minute walk, increase by 5-10 minutes per week
What is the safest way to lose weight?
Slowly! Should take weeks to months
What is a method that owners can use to track their pets weight loss?
Journals/logs that record weight at each check in.
-Helps motivate owner
-Helpful for troubleshooting
What should the next steps be if weight loss is not occurring?
-Discuss situation with owner
-Carefully review amount being fed, who is feeding, and exercise schedule
-Identify and correct problem areas
Once the ideal weight is reached, what should occur?
-Switch to maintenance diet with less calorie dense products
-Continue owner instructions (ration, amount, treats, exercise)
-Frequent rechecks to ensure stable weight
Is acute small intestinal disease more common in dogs or cats?
Dogs
What are some possible etiologies for acute small intestinal disease?
-Dietary indiscretion
-Infectious
-Idiopathic
-Inflammatory
What does acute small intestinal disease usually respond to?
-NPO (nothing by mouth)
-Fluids
-GI protectants
-Dietary therapy
What are recommendations for nutritional management of acute small intestinal disease?
-Bland, highly digestible, low residue ration (low fiber, relatively reduced fat content)
-Conservative feeding schedule (small, frequent portions, gradual increase to calculated requirement)
-Gradual return to regular diet
What investigative diagnostics should be done with chronic small intestinal disease?
-Blood work
-Fecal analysis
-Imaging
-Endoscopy or laparotomy with biopsies
What are some possible etiologies of chronic small intestinal disease?
-Neoplasia
-Infectious
-Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
-Lymphangiectasia
What are common pathologic features of chronic small intestinal disease?
-Decreased brush border enzymes
-Decreased absorptive area
-Carbs, peptides and fats remain in gut (osmotic diarrhea)
-Secretory diarrhea secondary to inflammation
-Poor body condition (loss of fluids, electrolytes and nutrients)
What does a typical diet for the management of chronic small intestinal disease consist of?
-Highly digestible, low residue
-Low in simple carbohydrates, lactose free
-Low-moderate fat
-Adequate high biologic value protein content
What should you consider with inadequate voluntary intake or compromised gut function?
Assisted feeding
What is a PREbiotic?
Naturally occurring fibers resistant to enzymatic digestion but fermented by intestinal bacteria
–>promotes growth of beneficial microorganisms in the gut
What is a PRObiotic?
Viable microorganisms that transiently become part of gut microflora after ingestion and exert beneficial qualities
–>inhibit pathogens and modulate immune function
What are the 2 most common prebiotics used?
-Fructooligosaccharides (FOS)
-Mannanoligosaccharides (MOS)
What are some potential benefits of FOS and MOS?
-Competition with pathogens for substrate
-Interference with pathogen binding at epithelium
-Direct interaction with mucosal immune system
What are some gut health benefits of probiotics?
-Prevention and treatment of GI disease
-Augmentation of immune function
What are some GI diseases that probiotics can help with?
-Dietary indiscretion
-Kitten/puppy diarrhea
-IBD
-Stress diarrhea
-Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
What are two situations in which probiotics would be contraindicated?
-Severely compromised intestinal mucosal barrier
-Immunosuppressive therapy including chemotherapy
What are two commonly used commercial veterinary probiotics?
-Purina: Forti Flora
-Ceva Animal Health: ProGut Plus
Is the use of yogurt as a probiotic recommended in pets?
No evidence to support the efficacy of it so prob not
