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VETM 465: Applied Nutrition > SA 3 - Nicole > Flashcards

SA 3 - Nicole Flashcards

1
Q

maintenance energy requirement (MER) meets needs for

A

-maintenance of basal metabolic rate
- maintenance of normal body temperature
-recovery from normal activity
- obtaining, digesting, and assimilating food

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2
Q

what kind of equation is best to estimate MER?

A

non-linear ones

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3
Q

ME = gross energy in food -

A

energy lost in feces and urine

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4
Q

ME =

A

energy available to animal

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5
Q

when using an equation to calculate MER, you use it to

A

recommend initial food intake - then MONITOR patient response through ongoing nutritional assessment (increase or decrease if needed)

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6
Q

what is most appropriate feeding method in dogs

A

meal feeding

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7
Q

should you feed a lot of treats

A

keep to less than 10% of caloric intake

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8
Q

should you discourage use of vitamin / mineral supplements

A

yes because it may unbalance diet and should be feeding a complete and balanced diet already

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9
Q

what is better, canned or dry food?

A

whatever is preferred by owner and pets as either will meet nutrient requirements

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10
Q

geriatric dogs - does their energy reqt go up or down?

A

usually decreased, however they require 50% more protein to maintain muscle mass than young dogs

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11
Q

geriatric dogs - do we know much about what they need?

A

less is known about other ingredients and more clinical studies are needed to confirm benefit of senior diets for dogs

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12
Q

geriatric dogs - fiber added because

A

added soluble and/or insoluble fiber for intestinal disorders, diabetes, obesity

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13
Q

geriatric dogs - antioxidants

A

vitamins A or E, selenium may affect immune response, carcinogenesis, CNS function

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14
Q

geriatric dogs - glucosamine /chondroitin sulfate

A

management of degenerative joint disease

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15
Q

geriatric dogs feeding recommendations

A

complete and balanced commercial diet, ensure appropriate energy intake ( monitor BCS & BW)
- do NOT automatically restrict protein intake
- consider common geriatric conditions that may affect food intake (dental disease, osteoarthritis)

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16
Q

is there a single ration appropriate for all aged dogs?

A

no

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17
Q

are cats obligate carvinores

A

yes

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18
Q

do cats have a high protein reqt?

A

yes, needs to be 30% of calories (higher than dogs)

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19
Q

cats have an absolute reqt for these aa

A

taurine and arginine

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20
Q

can cats synthesize arachidonic acid?

A

no, they require animal source fats

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21
Q

can cats synthesize vitamin D

A

they have a decreased ability

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22
Q

can cats convert carotene to vitamin A

A

NO, so need dietary source

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23
Q

can cats convert tryptophan to niacin?

A

no, so they need a dietary source

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24
Q

are feline energy reqts well understood

A

no, poorly defined. Estimated at 50-80 kcal ME/kg/d but varies with activity level

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25
Q

ideal way to feed cats

A

meal or ab libitum feeding of canned or dry foods acceptable - consider cat preferences and owner schedule

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26
Q

best way to feed obese cats

A

meal feeding

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27
Q

should you use mineral or vitamin supplements

A

do not use

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28
Q

geriatric cat nutrient reqts (Energy, protein, vitamin & mineral, fiber)

A

energy reqts may change with age - most likely decreased
protein needs likely unchanged
vitamin and mineral unknown
fiber intake controversial

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29
Q

feeding recommendations for older cats

A

no reason to alter diet in healthy adult cats and you should maintain energy intake at level resulting in optimal body condition

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30
Q

should you restrict protein intake in geriatric cats

A

no!!!

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31
Q

owner feeding intstructions

A

be clear and specific
-complete balanced ration
-identify products by brand name, flavour, and form
-provide choices ($$ and availability)
-exact amount to be fed
-update medical record & write written instructions

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32
Q

should you use vitamin/mineral supplements in geriatric cats

A

not needed if feeding a good quality, complete, and balanced diet

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33
Q

puppies & kittens have __________ requirements for all nutrients during growth

A

increased - commercial puppy and kitten rations specifically formulated to support growth

34
Q

puppies & kittens - nutrients of primary concern

A

energy, protein, and Ca/P

35
Q

healthy puppies grow

A

extremely quickly

36
Q

puppies reach 50 to 60% of mature weight at

A

5-6 months

37
Q

ideal diet during rapid growth for puppies

A

-energy and protein dense
- easily digestible
- complete and balanced (Ca/P particularly important)

38
Q

where should you recommend puppy rations from

A

reputable manufacturers

39
Q

most nutritionists prefer what kind of food for puppies

A

dry foods. Consider canned products for small breed puppies and problem eaters

40
Q

feeding puppies - monitor growth rates and body condition score carefully - then what

A

adjust food intake to maintain reasonable rate of growth
- keep puppy in optimal or slightly thin body condition

41
Q

should you use vitamin and mineral supplements for puppies

A

NEVER!

42
Q

is it dangerous to overfeed growing puppies?

A

yes! ad libitum feeding not recommended and maximal growth not necessarily optimal

43
Q

obese puppies are more likely to be

A

obese adults

44
Q

overnutrition associated with which skeletal diseases

A

-hip dysplasia
- metaphyseal osteopathy
- osteochondritis dessicans

45
Q

large breed dogs must be fed carefully to avoid

A

excessive energy intake which promotes growth that is too fast

46
Q

large breed puppies need a ______ Ca/P intake

A

moderate - hills puppy large breed contains less Ca/P than Hills Puppy Diet

47
Q

is protein also harmful for puppies that have too much energy intake?

A

no, must support growth 25-30% on DM basis

48
Q

large breed puppies - high Ca associated with

A

bone pathology, hypertrophic osteodystrophy, & poor conformation

49
Q

kittens - protein and energy reqts very high during

A

rapid growth phase

50
Q

what’s the ideal diet for kittens

A

energy and protein dense & highly digestible

51
Q

nutrients essential for kitten growth

A

taurine and calcium and phosphorus adequate and properly balanced

52
Q

feeding kittens - what to feed for 6 months

A

commercial kitten food for 6 months

53
Q

kittens - most nutritionists prefer ____ foods

A

dry

54
Q

are kittens or puppies more likely to overeat

A

puppies - you can ad libitum feed young kittens to ensure adequate intake

55
Q

kittens - when should you introduce adult maintenance ration

A

at 6 months - most kittens 75% of adult size by this time

56
Q

commercial milk replacers for puppies and kittens

A

puppies - Esbilac
kittens - KMR

57
Q

are commercial milk replacers for puppies and kittens better than other options?

A

YES !! especially cow milk or homemade recipes

58
Q

why are puppy / kitten milk replacers better than other options

A

much greater energy content

59
Q

best ways to feed orphaned puppies/kittens

A

-feed warmed formula at least every 4 hours
- use stomach tube as necessary
- weigh bottle fed neonates daily
- choose a milk replacer & don’t change to avoid diarrhea
- be certain to meet E and protein needs

60
Q

when should you introduce solid food to puppies/kittens

A

as early as possible (2 weeks)

61
Q

when to offer formula and gruel from flat dishes (puppies/kittens)

A

3 weeks, then gradually increase proportion of solid food

62
Q

puppies/kittens - when to wean?

A

4-5 weeks

63
Q

what is nutritional assessment?

A

a systematic collection and integration of clinical information that is used to evaluate nutrition status

64
Q

what are the 3 primary components of nutritional management?

A

food and food related factors
animal and animal related factors
feeding management (owner)

all are closely interrelated

65
Q

Food related factors - what do you need to define

A
  • current diet
  • normal diet
  • treats, supplements, medications
66
Q

what do you need to know about current diet

A

name brands and flavours, form, and quantity consumed

67
Q

what do you need to know about normal diet

A

is it the same as current diet? if not, want to know name brands and flavours, form, and any other things consumed

68
Q

animal related factors - what is most important

A

signalment - age, breed, sex

69
Q

why is knowing the signalment so important?

A

-determines physiologic status (adult vs growth) which determines nutritional reqts
-breed related nutritional problems

70
Q

examples of breed related nutritional problems

A

zinc responsive dermatosis of Arctic breeds
gluten-sensitive enteropathy of Irish setters
hepatic copper storage disease of Bedlington terriers

71
Q

other than signalment, what are important animal related factors?

A

-changes in environment or activity level - environmental extremes like cold/hot climates
- activity level (indoor vs outdoor) and work
-known or suspected dietary sensitivities or aversions

72
Q

what do you care about with known or suspected dietary senstivities

A

define as precisely as possible - identify food items, circumstances, and frequency of occurrence
- definitive diagnosis vs owner assumptions

73
Q

owner related factors questions to ask

A

how is the animal fed?
meal vs ad lib feeding, how often
food prep
who feeds?
location of food & water bowls
other pets?
additional food sources?

74
Q

nutritional assessment physical exam- important parts

A

body weight?
body condition score?
clinical signs of malnutrition?

75
Q

nutritional assessment physical exam body weight considerations

A

weigh every office visit on same scale and enter in medical record

76
Q

nutritional assessment physical exam BCS considerations

A

every visit enter in medical record
5 or 9 point system
reflects body composition (proportion of fat to lean body mass

77
Q

description of BCS 1

A

cachectic - no obvious body fat, prominent ribs

78
Q

description of BCS 5

A

optimal - ribs easily palpable but not visible

79
Q

description of BCS 9

A

obese - large deposits of subcutaneous and abdominal fat

80
Q

how to assess if there are clinical signs of malnutrition

A

assess each body system
obesity most common
protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) associated with illness
specific deficiencies unusual

VETM 465: Applied Nutrition (20 decks)

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