SA 3 - Nicole Flashcards
maintenance energy requirement (MER) meets needs for
-maintenance of basal metabolic rate
- maintenance of normal body temperature
-recovery from normal activity
- obtaining, digesting, and assimilating food
what kind of equation is best to estimate MER?
non-linear ones
ME = gross energy in food -
energy lost in feces and urine
ME =
energy available to animal
when using an equation to calculate MER, you use it to
recommend initial food intake - then MONITOR patient response through ongoing nutritional assessment (increase or decrease if needed)
what is most appropriate feeding method in dogs
meal feeding
should you feed a lot of treats
keep to less than 10% of caloric intake
should you discourage use of vitamin / mineral supplements
yes because it may unbalance diet and should be feeding a complete and balanced diet already
what is better, canned or dry food?
whatever is preferred by owner and pets as either will meet nutrient requirements
geriatric dogs - does their energy reqt go up or down?
usually decreased, however they require 50% more protein to maintain muscle mass than young dogs
geriatric dogs - do we know much about what they need?
less is known about other ingredients and more clinical studies are needed to confirm benefit of senior diets for dogs
geriatric dogs - fiber added because
added soluble and/or insoluble fiber for intestinal disorders, diabetes, obesity
geriatric dogs - antioxidants
vitamins A or E, selenium may affect immune response, carcinogenesis, CNS function
geriatric dogs - glucosamine /chondroitin sulfate
management of degenerative joint disease
geriatric dogs feeding recommendations
complete and balanced commercial diet, ensure appropriate energy intake ( monitor BCS & BW)
- do NOT automatically restrict protein intake
- consider common geriatric conditions that may affect food intake (dental disease, osteoarthritis)
is there a single ration appropriate for all aged dogs?
no
are cats obligate carvinores
yes
do cats have a high protein reqt?
yes, needs to be 30% of calories (higher than dogs)
cats have an absolute reqt for these aa
taurine and arginine
can cats synthesize arachidonic acid?
no, they require animal source fats
can cats synthesize vitamin D
they have a decreased ability
can cats convert carotene to vitamin A
NO, so need dietary source
can cats convert tryptophan to niacin?
no, so they need a dietary source
are feline energy reqts well understood
no, poorly defined. Estimated at 50-80 kcal ME/kg/d but varies with activity level
ideal way to feed cats
meal or ab libitum feeding of canned or dry foods acceptable - consider cat preferences and owner schedule
best way to feed obese cats
meal feeding
should you use mineral or vitamin supplements
do not use
geriatric cat nutrient reqts (Energy, protein, vitamin & mineral, fiber)
energy reqts may change with age - most likely decreased
protein needs likely unchanged
vitamin and mineral unknown
fiber intake controversial
feeding recommendations for older cats
no reason to alter diet in healthy adult cats and you should maintain energy intake at level resulting in optimal body condition
should you restrict protein intake in geriatric cats
no!!!
owner feeding intstructions
be clear and specific
-complete balanced ration
-identify products by brand name, flavour, and form
-provide choices ($$ and availability)
-exact amount to be fed
-update medical record & write written instructions
should you use vitamin/mineral supplements in geriatric cats
not needed if feeding a good quality, complete, and balanced diet
puppies & kittens have __________ requirements for all nutrients during growth
increased - commercial puppy and kitten rations specifically formulated to support growth
puppies & kittens - nutrients of primary concern
energy, protein, and Ca/P
healthy puppies grow
extremely quickly
puppies reach 50 to 60% of mature weight at
5-6 months
ideal diet during rapid growth for puppies
-energy and protein dense
- easily digestible
- complete and balanced (Ca/P particularly important)
where should you recommend puppy rations from
reputable manufacturers
most nutritionists prefer what kind of food for puppies
dry foods. Consider canned products for small breed puppies and problem eaters
feeding puppies - monitor growth rates and body condition score carefully - then what
adjust food intake to maintain reasonable rate of growth
- keep puppy in optimal or slightly thin body condition
should you use vitamin and mineral supplements for puppies
NEVER!
is it dangerous to overfeed growing puppies?
yes! ad libitum feeding not recommended and maximal growth not necessarily optimal
obese puppies are more likely to be
obese adults
overnutrition associated with which skeletal diseases
-hip dysplasia
- metaphyseal osteopathy
- osteochondritis dessicans
large breed dogs must be fed carefully to avoid
excessive energy intake which promotes growth that is too fast
large breed puppies need a ______ Ca/P intake
moderate - hills puppy large breed contains less Ca/P than Hills Puppy Diet
is protein also harmful for puppies that have too much energy intake?
no, must support growth 25-30% on DM basis
large breed puppies - high Ca associated with
bone pathology, hypertrophic osteodystrophy, & poor conformation
kittens - protein and energy reqts very high during
rapid growth phase
what’s the ideal diet for kittens
energy and protein dense & highly digestible
nutrients essential for kitten growth
taurine and calcium and phosphorus adequate and properly balanced
feeding kittens - what to feed for 6 months
commercial kitten food for 6 months
kittens - most nutritionists prefer ____ foods
dry
are kittens or puppies more likely to overeat
puppies - you can ad libitum feed young kittens to ensure adequate intake
kittens - when should you introduce adult maintenance ration
at 6 months - most kittens 75% of adult size by this time
commercial milk replacers for puppies and kittens
puppies - Esbilac
kittens - KMR
are commercial milk replacers for puppies and kittens better than other options?
YES !! especially cow milk or homemade recipes
why are puppy / kitten milk replacers better than other options
much greater energy content
best ways to feed orphaned puppies/kittens
-feed warmed formula at least every 4 hours
- use stomach tube as necessary
- weigh bottle fed neonates daily
- choose a milk replacer & don’t change to avoid diarrhea
- be certain to meet E and protein needs
when should you introduce solid food to puppies/kittens
as early as possible (2 weeks)
when to offer formula and gruel from flat dishes (puppies/kittens)
3 weeks, then gradually increase proportion of solid food
puppies/kittens - when to wean?
4-5 weeks
what is nutritional assessment?
a systematic collection and integration of clinical information that is used to evaluate nutrition status
what are the 3 primary components of nutritional management?
food and food related factors
animal and animal related factors
feeding management (owner)
all are closely interrelated
Food related factors - what do you need to define
- current diet
- normal diet
- treats, supplements, medications
what do you need to know about current diet
name brands and flavours, form, and quantity consumed
what do you need to know about normal diet
is it the same as current diet? if not, want to know name brands and flavours, form, and any other things consumed
animal related factors - what is most important
signalment - age, breed, sex
why is knowing the signalment so important?
-determines physiologic status (adult vs growth) which determines nutritional reqts
-breed related nutritional problems
examples of breed related nutritional problems
zinc responsive dermatosis of Arctic breeds
gluten-sensitive enteropathy of Irish setters
hepatic copper storage disease of Bedlington terriers
other than signalment, what are important animal related factors?
-changes in environment or activity level - environmental extremes like cold/hot climates
- activity level (indoor vs outdoor) and work
-known or suspected dietary sensitivities or aversions
what do you care about with known or suspected dietary senstivities
define as precisely as possible - identify food items, circumstances, and frequency of occurrence
- definitive diagnosis vs owner assumptions
owner related factors questions to ask
how is the animal fed?
meal vs ad lib feeding, how often
food prep
who feeds?
location of food & water bowls
other pets?
additional food sources?
nutritional assessment physical exam- important parts
body weight?
body condition score?
clinical signs of malnutrition?
nutritional assessment physical exam body weight considerations
weigh every office visit on same scale and enter in medical record
nutritional assessment physical exam BCS considerations
every visit enter in medical record
5 or 9 point system
reflects body composition (proportion of fat to lean body mass
description of BCS 1
cachectic - no obvious body fat, prominent ribs
description of BCS 5
optimal - ribs easily palpable but not visible
description of BCS 9
obese - large deposits of subcutaneous and abdominal fat
how to assess if there are clinical signs of malnutrition
assess each body system
obesity most common
protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) associated with illness
specific deficiencies unusual
