poultry 1 - Tesse

Question 1

What are poultry?

Answer 1

domestic fowls, such as chickens turkeys, ducks or geese, raised for meat or eggs OR any bird kept for use by humans

Question 2

What are broiler chickens

Answer 2

chickens grown for meat

Question 3

what are broiler breeders

Answer 3

parents of the broiler chickens

Question 4

what are laying hens

Answer 4

for egg production

Question 5

What is a poult

Answer 5

a very young turkey, either male or female

Question 6

what is a pullet

Answer 6

immature female chicken. Used in conjunction with birds intended to be kept for breeding (layers or broiler breeders)

Question 7

what is a cockerel

Answer 7

an immature male chicken. Usually used in conjunction with birds intended to be kept for breeding

Question 8

What is a tom

Answer 8

male turkey.

Question 9

What is a feed conversion ratio (FCR)

Answer 9

the grams of feed needed to gain 1 gram of BW (broilers, turkeys) OR the grams of feed needed for 1 gram of egg (laying hens)

Question 10

What is better: a higher or lower FCR?

Answer 10

A lower FCR. you want to feed less (keep things cheap) while gaining the most BW (make lots of money)

Question 11

What is better: a higher or lower feed efficiency

Answer 11

a higher feed efficiency.

Question 12

What is feed efficiency

Answer 12

g of BW gain or eggs produced for each g of feed consumed (inverse of FCR)

Question 13

What is the function of the proventriculus

Answer 13

particle size reduction, gastric stomach

Question 14

T/F: chicken and turkeys are herbivores/

Answer 14

false. they are omnivores

Question 15

Avian digestive tracts are capable of ______ peristalsis, which is an adaptation for flight, and increases their feed efficiency

Answer 15

retrograde.

(more energy is drawn out of each meal = lighter GI tract = easier to fly)

Question 16

When feeding poultry, we must consider (4):

Answer 16

• maintenance requirements
• production (egg and growth)
  -health/welfare
  -economic efficiency

Question 17

What is phase feeding?

Answer 17

a nutritional plan that changes with that of nutrient requirements throughout the birds life. Can be generational or within a bird’s lifetime

Question 18

what is generational phase feeding

Answer 18

changing nutritional plans by generation for genetic selection of certain traits (ie selecting for breast meat yield in broiler chickens and turkeys)

Question 19

Phase feeding in broilers allows for ______ growth

Answer 19

allometric. This means that different tissues grow at different rates of gain. For example, as broilers age, they deposit proportionally more fat and less muscle

Question 20

Because feed intake increases with age, we can ____ nutrient density over time in broiler chickens

Answer 20

decrease

Question 21

Broiler nutrition: early growth (0-2 weeks)

Answer 21

intestines, feathers, skeleton are growing

Question 22

Broiler nutrition: 2-5+ weeks

Answer 22

skeletal muscle groups are growing (breast muscle, legs, skeleton)

Question 23

Broiler nutrition: 18 weeks

Answer 23

sexual maturation and reduced efficiency due to the energetic cost of fat deposition

Question 24

Typical broiler feeding program: trends

Answer 24

Crude protein, lysine, methionine, cysteine, Ca, phosporus all decrease with age. Na stays constant throughout life

Question 25

As a broiler ages, they have lower ___ requirements and higher ____ requirements

Answer 25

lower amino acid, higher energy

Question 26

Why is an increase in energy important for protein deposition

Answer 26

because if they do not get enough energy, they will break down amino acids for energy, and there wont be any left to go towards protein synthesis and deposition

Question 27

Which phase feeding strategy for broilers is better: 5 phase or 2 phase? why?

Answer 27

5 phase is better. with 2 phase, we overfeed the birds lysine for a majority of their life (slide 14 has a good graphic of this)

Question 28

Which nutrient requirements change very little with age and species?

Answer 28

Na, K, Cl

Question 29

which nutrient requirements change substantially with age and species

Answer 29

amino acids, Ca, P decrease energy increases

Question 30

What is the main difference found in sex-separate feeding with broilers?

Answer 30

the diets are very similar, but the feeding schedules are different

Question 31

Are most AB flocks mixed sex or sex-separate?

Answer 31

mixed sex (straight run)

Question 32

What happens if you feed a broiler breeder ad lib? why?

Answer 32

They become too heavy to reproduce and experience skeletal, metabolic and fertility problems. This is because they have almost the same potential growth rate as their offspring, so will grow REALLY large if given the chance

Question 33

body weight and reproductive fitness are ______ related

Answer 33

inversely related (within limits)

Question 34

Broiler breeder nutrition

Answer 34

phase feeding.

Question 35

immature broiler breeders are fed full feed diets every day for ______

Answer 35

the first 2-3 weeks. this is to get them off to a good start

Question 36

T/F:broiler breeder pullets and cockerels are raised together

Answer 36

false. they are raised separately,

Question 37

What do skip-a-day feeding, 5/2 feeding, 4/3 feeding programs have in common? (ie what is their goal?)

Answer 37

They increase uniformity of the birds. This is because more feed is available on the fed days, so the aggressive birds eat first, but there is still more left over for the smaller, less aggressive birds.

Question 38

what is the goal of feed restriction programs in broiler breeders

Answer 38

managing body weight and flock uniformity

Question 39

Breeder feeding program: trends

Answer 39

- lower CP and aa than broilers - higher Ca than broilers (for egg development) - pre-breeder (19 weeks) shows increase in intake for repro tract and egg development - breeder III shows a decrease in feed because voluntary consumption goes down

Question 40

strategies to increase flock uniformity

Answer 40

- adequate feeder space to reduce competition - feed line speed - grading pullets - grouping birds based on weight to feed separately - spin/scatter feeding

Question 41

If mature broiler breeders are housed together, how is sex-separate feeding possible?

Answer 41

Male feed lines are too high for the females to reach Female feed lines are too narrow for male heads

Question 42

Broiler breeder hens fed ad libitum have abnormally high ____

Answer 42

numbers of large folicles, leading to abnormal ovulation with multiple hierarchies. We dont want this

Question 43

feed restricting broiler breeder hens normalizes _______

Answer 43

follicle numbers, allowing for an increase in egg production. This is one of the most important reasons for feed restriction

Question 44

T/F: nutrient effects on hen fertility are thought to be major

Answer 44

FALSE. they are minor -> mostly because overfeeding can result in obesity, making them less likely to mate. Usually, if she can produce an egg, it can be fertilized. Deficiencies are more obvious in egg production.

Question 45

T/F: nutrient effects on hatchability are thought to be major

Answer 45

false (maybe). traditionally were thought to be minor in the absence of deficiencies/toxicities, but birds are becoming more sensitive, and higher protein diets may reduce hatchability

Question 46

What is nutrigenomics?

Answer 46

how nutrients change the expression of genes, leading to indirect effects on the next generation

Question 47

Why might alberta have poor hatchability relative to other provinces?

Answer 47

We feed wheat-based diets, which are protein rich (bad for hatchability)

Question 48

What are the nutritional effects on rooster fertility?

Answer 48

overfeeding can result in obesity, making them less likely to mate. Additionally can lead to decreased sperm production and viability