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VETM 465: Applied Nutrition > SA 2- Emily > Flashcards

SA 2- Emily Flashcards

1
Q

What should an animal thats consuming an acceptable diet look like?

A

-Maintain body weight and condition (lean body mass)
-Have good coat quality
-Normal stools (indicates digestibility)

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2
Q

Whats the most reliable and objective assessment of food quality?

A

AAFCO feeding trials

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3
Q

What food brands should you prefer?

A

Established, reputable manufacturers (but be open to new brands)

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4
Q

What types of brands should you avoid?

A

Generics and private label brands (ex. grocery store brands)

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5
Q

What should always be high on the ingredient list?

A

Animal protein (1 of first 2 for cats)

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6
Q

What other ingredient should you check for?

A

Added calcium

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7
Q

Is it sus when different forms of the same ingredient are listed separately?

A

Yup don’t trust this stuff they’re trying to make the quality appear better

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8
Q

What should the minimum digestibility of a food be?

A

75% or higher

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9
Q

What can the quality of the packaging of a food tell you?

A

Whether the product is of good quality

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10
Q

What are the 2 most common forms of grain in diets?

A

Corn
Wheat

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11
Q

What are some reasons people might be feeding their pets grain-free diets?

A

-Concern for hypersensitivity/allergy
-Poor digestibility
-2007 Chinese pet food recall due to melamine contamination

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12
Q

Is corn readily utilized by dogs?

A

Yessir

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13
Q

What are the amino acids corn lacks and what can this be offset by?

A

-Lacks lysine, methionine and tryptophan
-Offset with legume protein (ex. soy)

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14
Q

Is hypersensitivity to corn common?

A

No, very few documented cases of hypersensitivity or intolerance to corn

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15
Q

What is the protein content of wheat?

A

Up to 18%, mostly gluten

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16
Q

Is wheat utilized well by dogs?

A

Also yes

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17
Q

What are the limiting amino acids in wheat?

A

-Lysine
-Methionine
-Threonine

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18
Q

Is wheat a common allergen in dogs?

A

Yes! Its one of the top 3 food allergens in dogs secondary to wheat gluten

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19
Q

What criteria should you use to assess grain-free foods?

A

Same criteria as any other type of pet food

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20
Q

Can you pls tell me again what the criteria are for a good pet food?

A

-Complete and balanced
-AAFCO feeding trials
-Good body weight and condition
-Good coat quality
-Normal stools
-Good quality of packaging

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21
Q

What are some potential disadvantages of a grain-free diet?

A

-Can be high in fat and protein
-DCM reported in dogs
-Some dogs taurine deficient

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22
Q

What can high fat and protein in a grain-free diet lead to?

A

-May predispose to obesity
-Protein is an expensive form of energy (increased food cost for owners and metabolic cost for animals)
-Not good for animals with hepatic/renal insufficiency, fat intolerance, or pancreatitis

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23
Q

How can cardiac function be normalized if a dog isn’t doing well on a grain-free diet?

A

Can switch to a more conventional diet +/- taurine supplement

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24
Q

What is a raw diet meant to mimic?

A

The diet of wild animals

25
Q

What are the two commercially available forms of raw food?

A
  1. Total mixed rations
  2. Combination rations
26
Q

What are the characteristics of a total mixed ration?

A

-Fed as sole source of nutrition
-Fresh, frozen or freeze-dried
-Many are now formulated to meet AAFCO profiles

27
Q

What is a combination ration?

A

Supplement mix combined with raw meat

28
Q

What other form can a raw food diet be in?

A

Homemade diet (but this is usually nutritionally incomplete)

29
Q

What is the difference in genome between dogs and wolves?

A

10 genes in dogs are associated with starch and fat metabolism

30
Q

Why are dogs able to digest more starches than wolves?

A

Selection pressure of being domesticated allowed dogs to adapt to eat a more human diet

31
Q

What are some raw food disadvantages?

A

-GI foreign bodies and perforation
-Gastroenteritis (from bacterial contamination or high fat content)
-Sepsis
-Iatrogenic hyperthyroidism
-Nutritional deficits

32
Q

How can iatrogenic hyperthyroidism happen with raw food diets?

A

Neck trimmings can contain pieces of thyroid which supplements thyroid hormones

33
Q

Is it theoretically possible to make a complete and balanced raw diet?

A

Ya

34
Q

What are the most common bacterial/parasitic infections that contaminate raw food?

A

-Salmonella
-E.coli
-Listeria
-Staph sp
-Toxoplasmosis

35
Q

Why is the risk of bacterial/parasitic contamination poorly defined in animals and owners?

A

-An infectious dose of the viable organism must be consumed
-Few reports describe clear cause and effect between contaminated raw food, fecal shedding, and illness

36
Q

Are pet-food borne infections limited to raw foods?

A

No, recalls and safety alerts are most often associated with dry extruded foods and raw or under processed threats

37
Q

How should you provide advice to clients about raw pet food diet?

A

-Be unbiased, nonjudgemental and well informed
-Use same criteria to assess as any other type of food

38
Q

What kind of things should clients be educated on if they are going to feed a raw diet?

A

-Safe handling to decrease risk of food-borne infections
-Young, old and immunocompromised people should not handle raw food
-Do not feed pets in kitchen
-Avoid poultry based products

39
Q

Should dogs on immunosuppressive drugs be fed a raw diet

A

Prob no

40
Q

What does maintenence energy requirement (MER) meet the needs for?

A

-Maintenance of basal metabolic rate (BMR)
-Normal body temp
-Recovery from normal activity
-Obtaining, digesting and assimilating food

41
Q

What is MER?

A

Maintenance energy requirement (number of calories needed per day)

42
Q

What is metabolizable energy (ME)?

A

Gross energy in food minus energy lost in feces and urine (energy available to animal)

43
Q

What are nutrient requirement tables/equations used for?

A

To recommend initial food intake

44
Q

Why cant nutritional requirement tables/equations be the only thing used?

A

Because each animal has a variable metabolic rate so monitoring patient response to diet is essential

45
Q

What amount of meal feeding is most appropriate for dogs?

A

twice a day (am and pm)

46
Q

What is the max percent of a diet that treats should make up?

A

No more than 10% of daily caloric intake

47
Q

Should vitamin and mineral supplements be recommended?

A

No, clinically significant toxicities can occur

48
Q

Are canned foods better than dry foods?

A

No, type of food should be picked based on owner and pet preferences. One is not really better than the other

49
Q

What is one potential disadvantage of canned food?

A

Associated with dental disease

50
Q

What are some changes in the nutritional needs of geriatric dogs?

A

-Energy requirements usually decreased
-Some have increased needs
-Require 50% more protein to maintain muscle mass

51
Q

What type of nutrients are commonly associated with older dogs actually need more research to prove their efficacy?

A

-Fiber
-Antioxidants
-Glucosamine/chondroitin

52
Q

What are some feeding recommendations for geriatric dogs?

A

-Complete and balanced commercial diet
-Ensure appropriate energy intake
-Don’t automatically restrict protein intake
-Consider geriatric conditions that may affect food intake (dental dz, osteoarthritis)

53
Q

What percent of daily calories should be protein in cats?

A

at least 30%

54
Q

What two amino acids are an absolute requirement in cats?

A

Taurine and arginine

55
Q

Why do cats require animal source fats?

A

They cannot synthesize arachidonic acid

56
Q

Which vitamins can cats not synthesize?

A

Vitamin D and vitamin A

57
Q

Cats cannot convert tryptophan to _______

A

Niacin

58
Q

What is the estimated kcal for cats?

A

50-80 kcal ME/kg/day

VETM 465: Applied Nutrition (20 decks)

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