poultry 2 - Emily Flashcards by Tesse Lind

What are 2 forms of turkey?

Whole birds (mostly smaller)
Cut-up bird (mostly heavy toms, breast, legs)

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What are the categories of turkey sizes?

-Broilers (<5kg)
-Light hens (5-7kg)
-Heavy hens (7-9kg)
-Light toms (9-11kg)
-Heavy toms (>11kg)

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What is the carcass differences in turkeys compared to other poultry species?

-Much leaner
-Higher carcass protein and water

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What are the goals of phase feeding with turkeys?

-Allometric growth
-Longer phases
-Heavier body weights
-Grown to an age closer to sexual maturity

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Female turkeys are marketed at a ________ age and at a ________ weight than males

Younger; lighter

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Female turkeys start to deposit fat _______ than males

Sooner

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How heavy can modern strains of heavy toms reach?

Up to 25kg live weight

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What is the difference between a pullet and a hen?

A pullet is a sexually immature laying hen and a hen is sexually mature

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What are the 3 stages of layer pullet nutrition?

1.Starter
2. Grower
3. Pre-lay

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What body systems are targeted with starter pullet nutrition?

-Digestive tract
-Feathers
-Appropriate growth rate

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What body systems are targeted with grower pullet nutrition?

-Skeletal development
-Appropriate fat
-Muscle deposition

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What body systems are targeted with pre-lay pullet nutrition?

-Reproductive tract
-Skeleton

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What are the goals for a feeding program for pullet rearing?

Prepare the birds for egg production
-Body weight and composition
-Nutrient reserves

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What do you need before sexual maturity of pullets?

Appropriate body weight, size, and composition

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What are the benefits of having pullets at the correct body weight/size/composition at sexual maturity?

-Larger early eggs
-Nutrient reserves
-Less prone to subsequent problems (rapid drop in production, osteoporosis)

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Why should a pre-lay diet only be used for a short period of time (2 weeks)?

Doesn’t contain enough calcium to support egg production

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Why is it straightforward to formulate for nutrients based on a percentage of the diet for pullets?

Because feed intake for pullets is fairly predictable

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Why do larger eggs require greater nutrient mobilization per egg?

-Limitations to nutrient absorption
-Shell quality issues

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What are the goals of laying hen nutrition?

-Maintain body composition
-Support egg production
-Start laying

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Higher intake = _______ nutrient concentration

Lower

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Base nutrient levels for production diets are requirements for _______ of nutrients, not % of diet

Amounts

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Phase feeding programs for production diets:

-Changing nutrient requirements with age
-Increased feed intake

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What are phase changes usually based on for production diets?

Egg mass output

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How do you calculate average daily egg mass?

% egg production x average egg size

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After peak egg mass is reached, you should _______ content (% of diet) of most nutrients

reduce

Changing diet phases should be made based on ___________, not age

Requirements

What is the average daily egg mass in phase 1?

>59g

What is the average daily egg mass in phase 2?

>55g

What is the average daily egg mass in phase 3?

<55g

How should you think of phase feeding in general?

In terms of what the bird needs - amounts of nutrients per day (not % of the diet)

Phase feeding is more related to what?

The level of production (average daily egg mass) and body size more than age

What are limitations of using the NRC as a feeding program for poultry?

-Outdated (but currently being revised) -Not strain-specific -Requirements based on minimum nutrient levels to achieve a plateau in growth

What sources of information could you use as a feeding program?

Primary breeder management guides -Strain-specific info -More current -Different performance objectives

We use ingredients to provide _________

Nutrients

We mix ingredients together to produce _______

Products

Poultry require _______, not ingredients

Nutrients

What is crude protein required for?

Essential and non-essential amino acids

What macrominerals are usually supplemented in poultry diets?

-Ca -P -Na

What macrominerals are NOT usually supplemented in poultry diets?

-Mg -K -S (added as sulfur AA's like met and cys)

Microminerals and vitamins are added as a ________ to complete diets

Premix

What are the 2 most common energy sources and where are they most common?

Wheat (prairies) Corn (worldwide)

What are 3 other cereal grains that can be used as an energy source?

-Barley -Triticale -Sorghum

What are some fat supplements commonly given in the prairies?

-Canola oil -Tallow -Restaurant grease (ew?)

What are some fat supplements commonly given worldwide?

-Palm oil -Corn oil -Soy oil -Tallow -Restaurant grease

What are common protein sources?

-Soybean meal (worldwide) -Canola meal (prairies) -Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) -Field peas, faba beans, etc

What animal protein sources are used?

-Fish meal -Meat and bone meal (byproducts of animal slaughter) -Poultry byproduct meal (cannibalism??)

What type of diet is suitable for backyard flocks?

Commercial-type diets (may contain medications but can buy unmedicated feed)

Why is lower dietary nutrient density ok with backyard flocks?

Maximum productivity is usually not the goal, so foraging and scraps can be added to prepared feed

What synthetic amino acids are available for supplementation?

-D,L-Methionine -L-Lysine HCl -L-Threonine -L-Tryptophan -L-Valine

What can be given to supplement calcium?

-Limestone -Oyster shell

What can be given to supplement phosphorous?

-Dicalcium phosphate -Other rock phospates

What can be given to supplement sodium?

Salt (NaCl)

Which vitamin can poultry not tolerate well in excess?

Selenium (Se)

What other products are included in feed?

-Enzymes -Buffers -Pellet binders -Pigments -Mycotoxin binders

What are some common medications that can be added to feed?

-Coccidiostats (control of Eimeria) -Antibiotics (use is decreasing) -Anthelmintics

What is the standard poultry diet worldwide?

Corn-soy based

What is the most common western canada poultry diet?

Wheat-soy-canola or wheat-soy

What are 3 forms of feed?

-Mash -Crumble -Pellet

Why are nutritional deficiencies/toxicities rare?

-Commercial feed mixing -Professional, trained nutritionists/consultants -HACCP/quality control -Ingredient and feed testing

What general signs can indicate a nutritional deficiency?

-Reduced growth -Reduced egg production -Reduced hatchability

Why are nutritional deficiencies more common in backyard flocks?

-Home feed mixing -Inexperience -Improper feed storage -Internet feeding consultation

Birds will adjust ______ to meet energy requirement if energy is deficient

intake

Which mineral deficiencies will cause bone abnormalities?

-Ca -P -Mn

Which mineral deficiencies will cause anemia?

Fe and Cu

Which mineral deficiency will cause goiter, abnormal feather growth, and obesity in hens?

Iodine

Which mineral deficiency will cause shell quality problems?

-Mg -Ca (not in the notes but I feel like it would)

Which mineral deficiencies will cause an electrolyte imbalance?

-K -Na -Cl

Which mineral deficiency will cause exudative diathesis (edema)?

Which mineral deficiency will cause a decrease in growth and bone abnormalities?

Dietary fat is required for ____________ vitamin absorption

Fat-soluble

Which vitamins are fat-soluble?

-Vitamin A -Vitamin D3 -Vitamin E -Vitamin K

What will a vit A deficiency cause?

-Keratinized mucus glands -Xerophthalmia

What will a vit D3 deficiency cause?

Similar to Ca/P deficiencies

What will a vit E deficiency cause?

-Encephalomalacia -Exudative diathesis -Muscular dystrophy

What will a vit K deficiency cause?

Impaired blood clotting

Which vitamins are water-soluble?

-Thiamine -Riboflavin -Pyridoxine (B6) -Niacin (tryptophan is a precursor)

What will a thiamine deficiency cause?

-Polyneuritis -Neuromuscular problems

What will a riboflavin deficiency cause?

Sciatic nerve changes ("curled-toe" paralysis in growing chickens)

What will a pyridoxine deficiency cause?

-Dermatitis -Anemia

What will a niacin deficiency cause?

Severe disorders in the skin and digestive organs

What will a pantothenic acid deficiency cause?

Lesions of the nervous system, the adrenal cortex, and the skin

What will a folic acid deficiency cause?

Macrocytic (megaloblastic) anemia and leukopenia

What will a biotin deficiency cause?

Dermatitis of the feet and skin around the beak and eyes

What will a vit B12 deficiency cause?

Anemia

What will a choline deficiency cause?

Perosis (twisted leg at the hock joint)