Dairy 2 - Steph

Question 1

what is canadas national quality assurance program for dairy

Answer 1

proaction

Question 2

T/F: being part of proaction is mandatory on all canadian dairy farms

Answer 2

True

Question 3

what does proaction regulate

Answer 3

milk quality, food safety, animal care, traceability, biosecurity and environment (etc)

Question 4

does western canada (aka nicoles real home) have more tie stalls or free stalls on dairy farms

Answer 4

westen canada has more free stall dairy farms

Question 5

does eastern canada (aka nicoles FAKE home) have more tie stalls or free stalls on dairy farms

Answer 5

east: more tie stalls

Question 6

why are lactating cows kept indoors during lactation

Answer 6

to control temperature, humidity, nutrition all very closely

Question 7

what are the goals of feeding dairy calves

Answer 7

• keeping them alive and healthy
• double birthweight at weaning
• accelerate rumen development

Question 8

what are energy and protein used for in a dairy calf

Answer 8

maintenance and growth

Question 9

at what age are dairy calves weaned

Answer 9

8-10 weeks but rumen is not ready at this point

Question 10

at what age are calves weaned in nature

Answer 10

6-10 months

Question 11

compare and contrast the feeding program of a dairy calf in nature vs on a farm

Answer 11

nature:
- several meals a day (6-12)
- 1st solid feed = grass
- gradual weaning at 6-10months

farm:
- milk offered 2x/day
- 1st solid feed = grain
- weaned at 8-10 weeks

Question 12

is the rumen of a dairy calf on a farm ready for solid feed at time of weaning (8-10weeks?)

Answer 12

technically no… but through nutrition we can alter that

Question 13

which compartment of the digestive tract is the largest in a dairy calf

Answer 13

the abomasum

Question 14

age of normal development of the abomasum

Answer 14

6 months of age

Question 15

the physical development of the abomasum depends on what?

Answer 15

feed type and end products of fermentation

Question 16

when does microbiota start to live within the rumen and what is its composition

Answer 16

microbiota starts at calving and is highly dynamic

Question 17

what does the reticular groove connect, what is its function

Answer 17

connects the esophagus to the omasum to bypass the rumen and fermentation

Question 18

what is the ruminal groove closed by

Answer 18

the suckling reflex

Question 19

in the pre-ruminant stage, what does digestion depend on

Answer 19

calves are monograstric so they will depend on digestive enzymes and hydrolysis in the abomasum (NOT fermentation)

Question 20

what should you feed a pre-ruminant “monogastric” cow

Answer 20

a high quality liquid diet

Question 21

in the pre-ruminant stage what are chymosin/renin in the abomasum important for when digesting milk

Answer 21

cheese formation (fat and casein)

Question 22

in the pre-ruminant stage, what are pancreatic enzymes important for when digesting milk

Answer 22

whey digestion (water, minerals, lactose and other proteins)

Question 23

3 phases of development of digestive function in a calf

Answer 23

1. liquid feeding, 2. transition, 3. ruminant

Question 24

how are nutrient requirements met in the liquid feeding phase of development

Answer 24

met by milk or milk replacer

Question 25

how are nutrient requirements met in the transitionphase of development

Answer 25

milk/milk replacer and solid feed

Question 26

how are nutrition requirements met in the ruminant phase

Answer 26

met by solid feed (microbial fermentation)

Question 27

what are the 5 Qs of colostrum***

Answer 27

Quality, Quickness, Quantity, sQueaky clean, Quantify

Question 28

what does the Quality "Q" mean for colostrum

Answer 28

IgG concentration

Question 29

what does quickness mean for colostrum

Answer 29

calves need to get colostrum within 6 hrs and max at 24 hours

Question 30

what does "quantity" mean for colostrum

Answer 30

need a minimum of 10% body weight (>4L within 4hrs followed by >2L within 12 hours)

Question 31

what does sQueaky clean mean for colostrum

Answer 31

low bacterial contamination

Question 32

what does Quantify mean for colostrum

Answer 32

transfer of passive immunity (serum total protein) aka serum IgG

Question 33

what are 3 ways to overcome colostrum shortages

Answer 33

1. colostrum bank 2. colostrum replacer 3. colostrum supplements (sups cant replace colostrum itself)

Question 34

how long can you freeze a colostrum bank for? whats important to remember when you thaw it

Answer 34

can freeze for up to a year, cannot rush thawing because will kill immunoglobulins (40-60*)

Question 35

describe colostrum replacer and the amount of IgG/dose

Answer 35

spray dried source of colostrum, has 100-150lgG/dose

Question 36

what is the IgG/dose in colostrum supplements

Answer 36

only 40-60 IgG/dose so cant be used to replace colostrum

Question 37

what is the downfall of colostrum banks, colostrum replacers and colostrum supplements

Answer 37

they lack farm specific antibodies

Question 38

when is transition milk produced

Answer 38

during days 2-3 after calvin

Question 39

when should transition milk be fed

Answer 39

during days 2-3

Question 40

compare transition milk to colostrum and regular milk

Answer 40

transition milk has fewer nutrients than colostrum but more nut. than actual milk

Question 41

what are the bioactive components in transition milk important for

Answer 41

intestinal development in the calf and increase in vili length

Question 42

calves fed transition milk gain _____ weight and have ______ health scores

Answer 42

calves fed transition milk gain more weight have have better health scores

Question 43

what are the calves at day 2 the most at risk for

Answer 43

the most at risk for GIT malfunction

Question 44

what should you feed a day 2 calf

Answer 44

liquid feed (milk and water (22-23%CP DM)) and starter dry feed (20-22% CP DM) for rumen development

Question 45

why is it important to feed starter (aka dry feed) high in starch to a calf

Answer 45

the end product of fermentation increases papillae size and surface area for absorbtion

Question 46

describe the diet of a calf from day 2 - 1 week

Answer 46

starter - very low intake milk - meet requirements for weight gain

Question 47

describe the diet of a calf 2-6 weeks

Answer 47

milk quantity fixed (~6-8L/DAY) calf is gaining weight so increase in requirements inc starter quantity and intake (~300g/day)

Question 48

describe the diet of a calf 6-8 weeks

Answer 48

decrease in milk quantity increase starter quantity and intake prepare for weaning

Question 49

where does NDF requirements come from in a pre-weaned calf

Answer 49

NDF (fiber) comes from finely chopped hay to avoid rumen fill (have low NDF req rn)

Question 50

when is water first offered to a calf

Answer 50

first week of life

Question 51

what is important about water intake in a calf

Answer 51

limited water impairs starter intake

Question 52

how much water does a calf need in the first week of life

Answer 52

1.5L/day

Question 53

how much water does a calf need in weeks 1-3

Answer 53

1.5-3L a day

Question 54

how often are calves fed

Answer 54

most commonly is 2x a day

Question 55

what are the advantages of group housing for calves

Answer 55

social interaction and more normal behaviours facilitation transition to solid feed dec. labour for feeding and management

Question 56

what are the concerns of group housing in calves

Answer 56

calf health -- poor ventilation (diarrhea and pneumonia) NOTE: recent research - no difference in health

Question 57

what are do automated feeders do?

Answer 57

feed more milk or milk replacer and starter in several meals a day

Question 58

how are automated feeders regulated

Answer 58

radio frequency ID tags

Question 59

what is critical when using automated feeders

Answer 59

proper ventilation, that they are not shared with older cows, proper daily cleaning of feeders, dry and clean bedding

Question 60

what are some strategies to feed calves in the cold

Answer 60

feed high fat milk replacer with more calories, and increase amount of milk replacer

Question 61

when should we wean calves

Answer 61

when the rumen is ready, when they are more than double in birth weight, when they are 8-10 weeks old

Question 62

when is the rumen ready to be weaned

Answer 62

eating 1kg/day of starter daily for 3 days straight

Question 63

describe outcome of an abrupt weaning protocol

Answer 63

increase in growth preweaning but then decrease starter intake and body weight

Question 64

describe the outcome of the step-down weaning protocol

Answer 64

increase in growth raate after weaning, increase in starter intake and body weight

Question 66

what are energy and protein requirements for growing heifers based on

Answer 66

maintenance requirement equation + amount of daily weight gain and body condition

Question 67

what is the target weight for a breeding heifer at 13-15 months old

Answer 67

55% mature weight (around 385kg)

Question 68

what is the target weight at calving at 22-24 months

Answer 68

90% mature weight (630kg)

Question 69

what kind of mix should you start at weaning

Answer 69

concentrate mix with minimal fiber content

Question 70

what kind of diet should you feed a calf afetr weaning

Answer 70

slowly increase forage content without decreasing concentrate intake and weight gain (high quality forages ad silage)

Question 71

to attain a BW of 350-380kg by 13 months, how much do you need to gain a day?

Answer 71

`0.9kg/day

Question 72

what is important during months 3-9 (prepuberty for a heifer)

Answer 72

mammary development (allometric growth)

Question 73

what can you not feed a prepuberty heifer

Answer 73

cant feed excess energy because fat will deposit and there will be a decrease in mammary epithelial tissue

Question 74

what is the goal when feeding a dairy heifer from breeding to calving

Answer 74

maintain adequate growth rates while minimizing excess BSC (~90% BW at calving ~630kg)

Question 75

what are the consequences of an under conditioned heifer

Answer 75

delayed first calving decrease in milk production

Question 76

what are the consequences of an over-conditioned heifer

Answer 76

decreased mammary gland development calving difficulties decrease DMI post partum -- metabolic diseases

Question 77

what is the optimal body condition for a heifer at calving

Answer 77

3.25-3.5 at calving

Question 78

in the first 30 days of milk production, what happens to a heifers body condition

Answer 78

it decreases

Question 79

in the first 30 days post calving: dry matter intake > milk production or dry matter intake < milk production

Answer 79

dry matter intake

Question 80

when is peak lactation

Answer 80

at 60 days post calving

Question 81

what 2 parameters decrease from peak lactation to dry period

Answer 81

milk production and dry matter intake

Question 82

what plateaus from peak lactation to the dry period

Answer 82

BCS

Question 83

what is the maximum decrease in body condition score a heifer should experience during lactation

Answer 83

should not lose more than 0.5-0.75BSC during lactation

Question 84

what are the nutrition goals during the dry period for a heifer

Answer 84

control body condition score optimize dry matter intake ruminal adaptation for lactation diet minimize postpartum metabolic disorders

Question 85

what do dry cows need energy for

Answer 85

maintenance, fetal growth, colostrum production

Question 86

why is it important to control the energy intake of a dry cow

Answer 86

because dry cows will easily consume more energy than they require

Question 87

how do you control energy intake in a dry cow

Answer 87

add straw to feed!

Question 88

what group of cows are considered the "far off group"

Answer 88

60-21 days before calving

Question 89

what group of cows is considered the close up group

Answer 89

21 days before calving to calving!

Question 90

far off group diet is _____ based

Answer 90

forage

Question 91

close up group diet is _____ based

Answer 91

silage based (higher energy, will decrease any dry matter intake)