SA 1 - Steph Flashcards
what does commercial pet foods supply
energy (fat carbs, protein), protein, essential fatty acids, minerals, vitamins
what is the only thing commercial pet foods do not supply
water
T/F: pet foods are not total mixed rations
false: pet foods ARE total mixed rations
what do energy requirements vary with
life stage, activity level, environement and underlying pathology
Pet foods are total mixed rations. What does this mean?
Food supplies everything nescessary for the animal except water and is consumed to meet caloric requirements while nutrient quatities and ratios are complete and balanced
what is calculated vs assumed in commercial pet foods
only calculate calories, we assume all other requirements are in proper quantities and ratios
*****what are 3 potential energy sources in commercial pet foods
carbohydrates, protein, fat
***how many calories are contained per one gram of carbohydrates
3.5 kcal/g
how many calories are contained per one gram of protein**
3.5kcal/g
how many calories are contained within one gram of fat**
8.5kcal/g
______ _______ determines food intake
caloric density determiens food intake (amt they need to eat depends on how many calories are in there)
why is protein required by animals (2)
- used for energy
- true requirement for essential amino acids
what are essential amino acids
cannot be synthesized, must be consumed by diet
what does protein quality depend on
EAA content, caloric content, digestiility
based on EAA profile, which protein is higher quality: vegetable protein or animal protein
animal protein
what is total protein content determined by
what is required to supply EAAs
fat contains 8.5kcal/g while protein contains 3.5 kcal/g. Which is more concentrated
fat, it is a very concentrated energy source!
which is higher: fat content in canned foods vs dry foods on a DM bases
higher in canned foods
3 important characteristics of fat
is a concentrated energy source
improves ration palatability
provides essential fatty acids
what is an essential fatty acid
fatty acids that cannot be synthesized and must be consumed by diet
what are 3 essential fatty acids (which is exclusive to just cats)
linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid (cats only, not req by dogs!)
purpose of food additives in commercial pet food
provide desirable characteristics such as color, flavour, texture, stability or resistance to spoilage
name some examples of food additives
antioxidant or antimicrobials, humectants, flavours and flavour enhancers, emulsifying agents, stabilizers, thickeners, coloring agents or preservatives
what are two major considerations when adding minerals to commercial pet foods
- must meet absolute requirement
- must maintain proper ratios (ex. Ca:P)
why are vitamins added in excess
may be lost during processing and storage
- Vit. A and B: vitamins may be destroyed by heat of extrusion or canning (heat sensitive vitamins)
what is the function of vitamin E being added to commercial pet foods?
protects food from lipid peroxidase but gets consumed by the process
why are vitamins important to consider when determining best before dates
vitamins can be in drastically lower amounts if stored in substandard conditions for a long time. vitamin is tested at different periods of time in storage to determine best before dates
why does dry food have low as fed calories in some cases
due to air –> possibly because of extrusion and it is injected with air –> dilutes calories. so an animal possibly needs to eat more pieces for the same amount of calories
- bulk limiting
how are calories diluted in canned foods
high water content dilutes calories and nutrients on as fed basis
which components of canned food are higher/lower compared to dry
- protein
- fat
- carbohydrate
protein: higher compared to dry
fat: higher compared to dry
carbohydrate: lower compared to dry
canned foods have the most ____ on DM basis
canned foods have the most energy on DM basis due to fat content
what does the AAFCO stand form
association of american feed control officials
describe the AAFCO and its role
the association of american feed control officials is a non governmental organization that sets guidelines for uniform labelling and nutritional adequacy
what regions does the AAFCO guidelines apply to for basis of regulation
forms basis of regulations in all states except nevada. many foods in canada abide by the AAFCO guidlines as they also sell food in the US
is compliance to AAFCO guidleines mandatory or voluntary
voluntary
how does the AAFCO work with the state and national officials to ensure pet foods are uniformely labelled and nutritionally adequate
- establish standard nutrient profiles
- establish standardized feeding trial protocols
- determines labelling regulations
- defines feed ingredients
AAFCO-compliant labels must include what (9)
- product name
net weight
name and address of manufacterer
garunteed analysis (crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, moisture)
ingredients descending in order by weight
word “dog or cat food”
caloric content per common unit of measure
statement of nutritional adequacy or prupose
directions for feeding
what information is not provided by a AAFCO compliant label
- overall digestibility
- biologic value of protein
- quality of product
- contamination
what are two primary methods and one other required method for substantiating nutritional adequacy (idk if this is right someone pls corecgt me)
- computer analysis to meet AAFCO profiles
- chemical analysis to meet AAFCO profiles
- standardized AAFCO feeding trials
how does computer analysis work to ensure nutritional adequacy
- estimates concentrations of required nutrients
- identifies serious formulation errors
- assumes ingredients used have the same nutrient profile as computer database
- nutrient content confirmed by chemical analysis
how do standard feedig trials ensure nutritional adequacy
- specific type of animal, number and trial length; determined by desired label claim
- defined clinical observations: food intake, body weight, specified bloodwork parameters)
- established criteria for passing/failing
- nutrient content confirmed by chemical analysis
what are the advantages of feeding trials compared to chemical analysis alone
provides indirect information regarding factors not evaluated by chemical analysis alone
- palatability
- nutrient digestibility and availability
- nutrient interactions
- toxins and contaminants
what is the family product rule
allows manufacturers to use label claim stating product has passed AAFCO feeding trials when it has not actually been tested
what are the requirements for products to be eligible for the family product rule
- ingredients must be similar to “parent” food
- must be laboratory tested to match or exceed key ingredients
claim must be for same life stage as “parent” food
what foods would have the label “intermittent or supplemental feeding only”
- either not complete and balanced or not tested
- some canned products
- many treats
