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A&P of Speech and Hearing > Swallowing > Flashcards

Swallowing Flashcards

1
Q

process of swallowing called

A

Deglutition

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2
Q

process of preparing food for swallowing

A

Mastication

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3
Q

Process of swallowing requires __ pairs of muscles

A

55

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4
Q

instrument to measure tongue force

A

Iowa Oral Pressure Instrument (IOPI)

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5
Q

test to measure muscle function during swallowing

A

Electromyography (EMG)

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6
Q

tool for measuring swallowing functionality

A

Modified Barium Swallow Study (MBSS)

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7
Q

Test that involves tube with camera through nose, into pharynx, looks at vocal folds, back of tongue

A

nasoendoscopy

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8
Q

Another name for nasoendoscopy

A

FEES - Fiber endoscopic eval of swallowing

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9
Q

In infants, the ___ locks behind the __ so the child can breathe and feed at the same time

A

velum; epiglottis

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10
Q

Infants find food through the ___ reflex, which is triggered by stimulation to the __ or __

A

rooting; lips; cheek

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11
Q

The sucking reflex is first this ___

A

tongue protrusion in and out of mouth in prep of nipple

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12
Q

what are the three stages of swallowing?

A

Oral
Pharyngeal
Esophageal

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13
Q

two substages of oral stage of swallowing

A

preparatory and transport

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14
Q

how many muscles are involved in the oral prep stage?

A

19

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15
Q

Which five non-tongue VII muscles are involved in the oral prep stage?

A
  1. Orb oris
  2. Mentalis
    3, 4. Buccinator and risorius
  3. Digastric
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16
Q

what are the six muscular actions of the oral prep stage?

A
  1. Lips close to keep food inside
  2. SP lowers to breathe through nose
  3. Jaw chews
  4. Back of tongue bunches to seal in food
  5. Tongue moves food around, mixes with saliva
  6. Cheeks contract so food doesn’t get between gums and cheeks
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17
Q

which six V muscles are involved in oral prep?

A
  1. Masseter
  2. Temporalis
  3. Medial pterygoid
  4. Lateral pterygoid
  5. Mylohyoid
  6. Digastric
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18
Q

which six XII tongue muscles are involved in oral prep?

A

1) geniohyoid
2) superior long.
3) inf. long.
4) vert tongue muscles
5) genioglossus
6) styloglossus

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19
Q

what two X and XI muscles are involved oral prep?

A
  1. Palatoglossus
  2. Palatopharyngeus
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20
Q

what are the five muscular actions of the oral transport stage?

A

1) Tongue base drops and tongue pulls posteriorly
2) Chewing stops
3) Ant. tongue elevates to HP
4) VF close
5) Tongue tip and dorsum move to squeeze bolus posteriorly (squeezing moves front to back)

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21
Q

how many muscles are involved in the oral transport stage?

A

9

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22
Q

which four V muscles are involved in the oral transport stage?

A
  1. Masseter
  2. Temporalis
  3. Internal pterygoid
  4. Mylohyoid
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23
Q

which four XII muscles are involved in oral transport stage?

A
  1. Sup. long.
  2. Vertical
  3. Genioglossus
  4. Styloglossus
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24
Q

Which X and XI muscle is involved in the oral transport stage?

A
  1. Palatoglossus
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25
Q

what happens in the pharyngeal stage of swallowing?

A

bolus moves from oral cavity through pharynx to esophageal entrance

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26
Q

what does UES stand for?

A

upper esophageal sphincter

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27
Q

what are the five main events in the pharyngeal stage of swallowing?

A
  1. bolus gets to faucial pillars
  2. Bolus propelled through pharynx to relaxed UES
  3. Tight seal protects airway - VF, false folds, epiglottis, SP
  4. Respiration stops for milliseconds
  5. Food passes over epiglottis, gets divided into two equal masses, moves through pyriform sinuses to esophagus
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27
Q

how many muscles are involved in the pharyngeal stage of swallowing?

A

27

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28
Q

what are the three V muscles involved in the pharyngeal phase?

A
  1. Mylohyoid
  2. Digastricus
  3. Tensor veli palatini
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29
Q

what are the two VII muscles involved in the pharyngeal stage?

A
  1. Digastricus
  2. Stylohyoid - elevates hyoid and larynx
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30
Q

what are the nine XII muscles involved in the pharyngeal stage?

A

7 are tongue, 3 hyoid

  1. Geniohyoid
  2. Genioglossus
  3. Styloglossus
  4. Hyoglossus
  5. Thyrohyoid
  6. Sup. longitudinal
  7. Inf. longitudinal
  8. Transverse
  9. Vertical
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31
Q

what are the six muscles innervated by BOTH X and XI that are involved in the pharyngeal stage?

A

Lots of palate, pharyngeal constrictor

  1. Palatoglossus
  2. Levator veli palatini
  3. Musculus uvulae
  4. Palatopharyngeus
  5. Inf constrictor - Cricopharyngeus
  6. Middle pharyngeal constrictor
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32
Q

what is the one muscle ONLY innervated by XI that is involved in the pharyngeal stage?

A

Salpingopharyngeus

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33
Q

what is the one IX muscle involved in the pharyngeal stage?

A

Stylopharyngeus

34
Q

what are the five muscles ONLY innervated by X that are involved in the pharyngeal stage?

A

LARYNX

  1. Lat cricoarytenoid
  2. Transverse arytenoid
  3. Oblique arytenoid
  4. Aryepiglotticus
  5. Thyroepiglotticus
35
Q

UES made of these three muscles

A

-Inf. pharyngeal constrictor
-Upper esophageal muscle
-Cricopharyngeus (dominant)

36
Q

what is the area lateral to the larynx called?

A

pyriform sinuses

37
Q
A

pyriform sinuses

38
Q

anatomical name for tasting

A

gustation

39
Q

tastebuds; respond when specific chemicals come into contact

A

chemoreceptors

40
Q

5 main types of tastes

A

salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami (meaty)

41
Q

What kind of papillae only gives tactile information?

A

filiform

42
Q

What two types of papillae only give taste information?

A

Circumvallate and foliate

43
Q

What kind of papillae give BOTH taste and tactile info?

A

Fungiform

44
Q

Function of taste =

A

is this safe/good to eat?

45
Q

What parts of the mouth primarily sense sweet, sour and saltiness, and what are they innervated by?

A

VII - anterior ⅔ tongue, palate

46
Q

What part of the mouth primarily senses bitterness, and what is it innervated by?

A

IX - post ⅓ tongue

47
Q

Esophagus and epiglottis innervated by __

A

X

48
Q

in order for taste to make it to the cerebral cortex, it has to make it’s way to the __, then the __, then the cerebral cortex

A

solitary tract nucleus (NST); thalamus

49
Q

what is anatomical name for sense of smell?

A

olfaction

50
Q

RE taste: how does the brain know when to salivate and release insulin?

A

when solitary tract nucleus sends taste info to brain

51
Q

__ and __ tastes can be interpreted by the brain as poison and stimulate gagging, coughing, apnea and salvation

A

bitter; sour

52
Q

Pleasant food odor make us ___ , unpleasant can make us ___ or __

A

salivate; gag; vomit

53
Q

where are olfactory sensors?

A

epithelial lining of upper post. nasal cavity

54
Q

what is the neurological path from olfactory sensor to cerebral cortex?

A

Olfactory sensor → olfactory bulb → olfactory tract → cerebral cortex

55
Q

sensors sensitive to physical contact

A

mechanoreceptors

56
Q

mechanoreceptors without hair (like in fingertips)

A

Glabrous skin

57
Q

4 sensors of glabrous skin

A

meissner’s corpuscles
merkel disk receptors
pacinian corpuscles
ruffini endings

58
Q

this part of glabrous skin is superficial and senses fine touch and vibration

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

59
Q

this part of glabrous skin is superficial and senses light pressure

A

Merkel disk receptors

60
Q

this part of glabrous skin is deep and senses vibration, deep pressure

A

Pacinian corpuscles

61
Q

this part of glabrous skin is deep and senses tissue stretch

A

deep, tissue stretch - helpful for shape

62
Q

For types of thermal readings for people

A

Cold, cool, warm, hot

63
Q

Name for pain receptors

A

nociceptors

64
Q

Most pain receptors are triggered by

A

the destruction of tissue

65
Q

Two sensors for muscle tension

A

muscle spindle fibers, stretch receptors (usually in larger muscles)

66
Q

What are the six things the swallowing system senses? (use fancy names)

A
  1. gustation
  2. olfaction
  3. tactile
  4. thermal
  5. pain
  6. muscle tension/strength
67
Q

Three glands involved in salivation

A

1) parotid
2) submandibular
3) sublingual

68
Q

what are the three places saliva gets released?

A

pharynx, oral cavity lateral to frenulum, floor of mouth

69
Q
A

sup to inf

1) parotid
2) sublingual
3) submandibular

70
Q

This reflex is triggered by deep pressure on the roof of the mouth

A

chewing

71
Q

What happens in the chewing reflex?

A

Jaw rotates, food is moved to teeth

72
Q

This reflex is triggered by pressure on the SP

A

Palatal (avular)

73
Q

What happens in the palatal reflex?

A

uvula elevates

74
Q

This reflex is triggered by a bad taste, stimulation of faucial pillars, post pharyngeal wall, post tongue

A

Gag

75
Q

What happens during the gag reflex?

A

Breathing stops, pharynx elevates and constricts

76
Q

This reflex is triggered by smells, tastes, GI, vestibular issues, visual stimulation

A

Retch

77
Q

What is the difference between a retch and a vomit reflex?

A

Retch = attempt to vomit
Vomit = actual vomiting

78
Q

These reflexes are triggered by the tongue being pulled forward or pushing down the posterior tongue

A

Tongue base retraction/elevation

79
Q

What do the tongue base reflexes do?

A

Return tongue to starting position

80
Q

This reflex is triggered by super spicy or hot food

A

Pain

81
Q

In swallowing, what happens when the pain reflex is triggered?

A

Spitting out or swallowing

82
Q

This reflex readies the larynx for swallowing with Stimulation of oral cavity, pharynx, larynx

A

Apneic

83
Q

What triggers the swallow reflex?

A

bolus reaches fauces, post tongue or valleculae

A&P of Speech and Hearing (19 decks)

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