Neuroanatomy - Lesions and Pathologies Flashcards
trauma to head where dura peeled off skull and blood pools in in-between space
Epidural hematoma
trauma to head that results in blood being released from below dura in meninges; temporal lobe can herniate as result
Subdural hematoma
difficulty producing speech caused by lesion in Broca’s area
Broca’s aphasia
___, or difficulty reading language, can be caused by lesion to __ __
alexia; angular gyri
___, or difficulty writing language, can be caused by lesion to ___ ___
Agraphia; supramarginal gyri
conduction aphasia comes from a lesion to one of these two
arcuate fasciculus
supramarginal gyrus of parietal lobe
In multiple sclerosis, ___ in the brain gets damaged or destroyed over time
myelin
Lesions in this area result in involuntary mvt, resting tremors, increased muscle tone
basal ganglia
general aphasia can result from damage to this part of the subcortex
pulvinar (inside thalamus)
Damage to the __ can cause ___ (involuntary flinging of limbs), OCD, impulsivity
subthalamus; hemiballismus
foreign body that obstructs a blood vessel
Embolus
floating blood clot
embolus
two types of strokes and differences
1) hemorrhagic - blood leaks into brain tissue
2) ischemic stroke - clot blocks blood getting to a part of the brain
ballooning of a blood vessel is called
aneurysm
damage to LMNs cause
muscle weakness/paralysis
damage to UMNs cause ___ BUT reflexes still in tact because ___ are working
muscle weakness/paralysis; LMNs
speech disorder from paralysis, muscular weakness, and discoordination of speech musculature
Dysarthria
type of dysarthria depends on the location of __
lesion
six main types of dysarthria
HUF ASH
Flaccid
Spastic
Ataxic
Hyperkinetic
Hypokinetic
Unilateral upper motor neuron
in this type of dysarthria, there’s damage to lower motor neurons (LMNs) or their cell bodies; usually damage to cranial nerves serving speech muscles
flaccid
low muscle tone
hypotonia
name for involuntary twitching movements
fasciculations
In this type of dysarthria, reflexes mediated by affected nerve are reduced or absent
flaccid
In this type of dysarthria, there’s bilateral damage to upper motor neurons (UMNs) of pyramidal and extrapyramidal motor pathways
spastic
In this type of dysarthria, there’s an inability to execute skilled mvts, loss of inhibition of reflexes, increased muscle tone
spastic
In this type of dysarthria, there’s a unilateral lesion in face muscle control region
unilateral upper motor neuron (UUMN)
In this type of dysarthria, only one side of tongue/lower facial muscles affected because they have contralateral innervation
UUMN
this type of dysarthria comes from damage to cerebellum, brian stem vestibular nuclei, or both
ataxic
this type of dysarthria causes loss of coordination, undershooting/overshooting in articulators, trouble making repetitive mvts, dysprosody (trouble with prosody)
Ataxic
uncontrolled flailing caused by damage to subthalamic nucleus
ballism
this type of dysarthria is caused by damage to extrapyramidal system, usually basal ganglia
Hyperkinetic
this type of dysarthria results in extraneous, involuntary mvt of speech musculature in addition to voluntary mvts, ballism, sometimes muscle twitching, other involuntary mvt
hyperkinetic
this type of dysarthria is caused by damage to substantia nigra (excitatory mechanisms for movement)
hypokinetic
this type of dysarthria results in little/slow movement from patient, hand tremor; speech rushed, less intense, more monotone
hypokinetic
Parkinson’s disease can result in a diagnosis of this type of dysarthria
hypokinetic
more than one type of dysarthria at the same time is called
mixed dysarthria
Condition where there’s a dysfunction in motor planning without muscular weakness
dyspraxia
this is often caused by damage to premotor region of brain
dyspraxia
Patients with this condition have difficulty initiating speech; bilateral effect, voluntary contraction of muscle impaired
dyspraxia
patients with this condition have often had damage to precentral region on insular cortex, and experience a significant loss of fluency, trouble with articulators
verbal dyspraxia
____ is the partial loss of ability to do a motor movement with accuracy, and ___ is the complete loss of ability to do something
dyspraxia; apraxia
condition where senses work but brain unable to process sensory info
agnosia
event that causes cessation of blood flow to neural tissue, either via hemorrhaging, thrombosis or embolism
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
common type of CVA
stroke
injury to the head where the skull remains in tact
Closed head injury (CHI)
an injury where head is damaged, like car crash or gunshot wound
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Most frequent cause of an acquired cognitive deficit
TBI
Most frequent cause of aphasia
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA
Language disorder caused by damage to language centers in brain. Can make it hard to communicate and/or hard to understand, read or write language, but overall intelligence/thinking not affected
Aphasia
In this type of aphasia, there’s a normal flow of speech, but patients use substituted/nonwords and have trouble understanding what they here
wernicke’s/fluid aphasia
damage to this area of the brain causes fluent aphasia, or ____’s aphasia
Wernicke
damage to this area of the brain causes non-fluent aphasia, or ____’s aphasia
Broca’s
In this type of aphasia, patients can comprehend language but have great difficulty producing it; speech is often segmented and brief
Broca’s/non-fluid
Damage to these four parts of the brain causes non-fluent aphasia
-Damage to Broca’s area (44-45)
-operculum of frontal and parietal regions
-insula
-white matter beneath these regions
In this type of aphasia, patient can comprehend speech/written, fluent spontaneous speech, can’t repeat utterances heard, phoneme substitution
conduction
In this type of aphasia, patient has trouble comprehending and speaking
global
Global aphasia can be caused by damage to these three parts of the brain:
-Wernicke’s area
-Broca’s area
-Areas below cortex
type of aphasia that includes difficulty naming objects
anomia
Anomia often caused by damage to this area
thalamus
Subcortical structures, like the __ __ and __, can result in aphasia
basal ganglia; thalamus
6 types of aphasia
ABCC GW
1) cortical deafness
2) Wernicke’s/fluent
3) Broca’s/non-fluent
4) conduction
5) global
6) anomia
This speech disorder often occurs with Broca’s aphasia
dyspraxia
Lesion to this area of the brain results in problems with cognitive functions, memory, attention, perception, judgement
left frontal lobe
Lesion to this area of the brain results in problems with short-term memory, especially with sound
hippocampus
Lesion to this area of the brain results in problems with
-Loss of speech nuances
-Impairment of emotion, intent, humor
-Trouble with big picture of information
right hemisphere
Lesion to this area of the brain results in problems with pragmatics, esp facial expressions, intonation
nondominant hemisphere
progressive degeneration of upper AND lower motor neurons
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
this degenerative disease comes from a lesion to the substantia nigra
Parkinson’s
This degenerative disease is genetic, cerebral cortex and basal ganglia atrophy
Huntington’s Disease
This degenerative disease is an autoimmune disease - immune system blocks motor neuron ions
Myasthenia Gravis (MG)
This degenerative disease is caused by inflation of VII Facial nerve
Bell’s Palsy
