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A&P of Speech and Hearing > Neuroanatomy - Lesions and Pathologies > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy - Lesions and Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

trauma to head where dura peeled off skull and blood pools in in-between space

A

Epidural hematoma

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2
Q

trauma to head that results in blood being released from below dura in meninges; temporal lobe can herniate as result

A

Subdural hematoma

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3
Q

difficulty producing speech caused by lesion in Broca’s area

A

Broca’s aphasia

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4
Q

___, or difficulty reading language, can be caused by lesion to __ __

A

alexia; angular gyri

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5
Q

___, or difficulty writing language, can be caused by lesion to ___ ___

A

Agraphia; supramarginal gyri

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6
Q

conduction aphasia comes from a lesion to one of these two

A

arcuate fasciculus
supramarginal gyrus of parietal lobe

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7
Q

In multiple sclerosis, ___ in the brain gets damaged or destroyed over time

A

myelin

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8
Q

Lesions in this area result in involuntary mvt, resting tremors, increased muscle tone

A

basal ganglia

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9
Q

general aphasia can result from damage to this part of the subcortex

A

pulvinar (inside thalamus)

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10
Q

Damage to the __ can cause ___ (involuntary flinging of limbs), OCD, impulsivity

A

subthalamus; hemiballismus

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11
Q

foreign body that obstructs a blood vessel

A

Embolus

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12
Q

floating blood clot

A

embolus

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13
Q

two types of strokes and differences

A

1) hemorrhagic - blood leaks into brain tissue
2) ischemic stroke - clot blocks blood getting to a part of the brain

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14
Q

ballooning of a blood vessel is called

A

aneurysm

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15
Q

damage to LMNs cause

A

muscle weakness/paralysis

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16
Q

damage to UMNs cause ___ BUT reflexes still in tact because ___ are working

A

muscle weakness/paralysis; LMNs

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17
Q

speech disorder from paralysis, muscular weakness, and discoordination of speech musculature

A

Dysarthria

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18
Q

type of dysarthria depends on the location of __

A

lesion

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19
Q

six main types of dysarthria

A

HUF ASH

Flaccid
Spastic
Ataxic
Hyperkinetic
Hypokinetic
Unilateral upper motor neuron

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20
Q

in this type of dysarthria, there’s damage to lower motor neurons (LMNs) or their cell bodies; usually damage to cranial nerves serving speech muscles

A

flaccid

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21
Q

low muscle tone

A

hypotonia

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22
Q

name for involuntary twitching movements

A

fasciculations

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23
Q

In this type of dysarthria, reflexes mediated by affected nerve are reduced or absent

A

flaccid

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24
Q

In this type of dysarthria, there’s bilateral damage to upper motor neurons (UMNs) of pyramidal and extrapyramidal motor pathways

A

spastic

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25
Q

In this type of dysarthria, there’s an inability to execute skilled mvts, loss of inhibition of reflexes, increased muscle tone

A

spastic

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26
Q

In this type of dysarthria, there’s a unilateral lesion in face muscle control region

A

unilateral upper motor neuron (UUMN)

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27
Q

In this type of dysarthria, only one side of tongue/lower facial muscles affected because they have contralateral innervation

A

UUMN

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28
Q

this type of dysarthria comes from damage to cerebellum, brian stem vestibular nuclei, or both

A

ataxic

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29
Q

this type of dysarthria causes loss of coordination, undershooting/overshooting in articulators, trouble making repetitive mvts, dysprosody (trouble with prosody)

A

Ataxic

30
Q

uncontrolled flailing caused by damage to subthalamic nucleus

A

ballism

31
Q

this type of dysarthria is caused by damage to extrapyramidal system, usually basal ganglia

A

Hyperkinetic

32
Q

this type of dysarthria results in extraneous, involuntary mvt of speech musculature in addition to voluntary mvts, ballism, sometimes muscle twitching, other involuntary mvt

A

hyperkinetic

33
Q

this type of dysarthria is caused by damage to substantia nigra (excitatory mechanisms for movement)

A

hypokinetic

34
Q

this type of dysarthria results in little/slow movement from patient, hand tremor; speech rushed, less intense, more monotone

A

hypokinetic

35
Q

Parkinson’s disease can result in a diagnosis of this type of dysarthria

A

hypokinetic

36
Q

more than one type of dysarthria at the same time is called

A

mixed dysarthria

37
Q

Condition where there’s a dysfunction in motor planning without muscular weakness

A

dyspraxia

38
Q

this is often caused by damage to premotor region of brain

A

dyspraxia

39
Q

Patients with this condition have difficulty initiating speech; bilateral effect, voluntary contraction of muscle impaired

A

dyspraxia

40
Q

patients with this condition have often had damage to precentral region on insular cortex, and experience a significant loss of fluency, trouble with articulators

A

verbal dyspraxia

41
Q

____ is the partial loss of ability to do a motor movement with accuracy, and ___ is the complete loss of ability to do something

A

dyspraxia; apraxia

42
Q

condition where senses work but brain unable to process sensory info

A

agnosia

43
Q

event that causes cessation of blood flow to neural tissue, either via hemorrhaging, thrombosis or embolism

A

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

44
Q

common type of CVA

A

stroke

45
Q

injury to the head where the skull remains in tact

A

Closed head injury (CHI)

46
Q

an injury where head is damaged, like car crash or gunshot wound

A

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

47
Q

Most frequent cause of an acquired cognitive deficit

A

TBI

48
Q

Most frequent cause of aphasia

A

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA

49
Q

Language disorder caused by damage to language centers in brain. Can make it hard to communicate and/or hard to understand, read or write language, but overall intelligence/thinking not affected

A

Aphasia

50
Q

In this type of aphasia, there’s a normal flow of speech, but patients use substituted/nonwords and have trouble understanding what they here

A

wernicke’s/fluid aphasia

51
Q

damage to this area of the brain causes fluent aphasia, or ____’s aphasia

A

Wernicke

52
Q

damage to this area of the brain causes non-fluent aphasia, or ____’s aphasia

A

Broca’s

53
Q

In this type of aphasia, patients can comprehend language but have great difficulty producing it; speech is often segmented and brief

A

Broca’s/non-fluid

54
Q

Damage to these four parts of the brain causes non-fluent aphasia

A

-Damage to Broca’s area (44-45)
-operculum of frontal and parietal regions
-insula
-white matter beneath these regions

55
Q

In this type of aphasia, patient can comprehend speech/written, fluent spontaneous speech, can’t repeat utterances heard, phoneme substitution

A

conduction

56
Q

In this type of aphasia, patient has trouble comprehending and speaking

A

global

57
Q

Global aphasia can be caused by damage to these three parts of the brain:

A

-Wernicke’s area
-Broca’s area
-Areas below cortex

58
Q

type of aphasia that includes difficulty naming objects

A

anomia

59
Q

Anomia often caused by damage to this area

A

thalamus

60
Q

Subcortical structures, like the __ __ and __, can result in aphasia

A

basal ganglia; thalamus

61
Q

6 types of aphasia

A

ABCC GW

1) cortical deafness
2) Wernicke’s/fluent
3) Broca’s/non-fluent
4) conduction
5) global
6) anomia

62
Q

This speech disorder often occurs with Broca’s aphasia

A

dyspraxia

63
Q

Lesion to this area of the brain results in problems with cognitive functions, memory, attention, perception, judgement

A

left frontal lobe

64
Q

Lesion to this area of the brain results in problems with short-term memory, especially with sound

A

hippocampus

65
Q

Lesion to this area of the brain results in problems with

-Loss of speech nuances
-Impairment of emotion, intent, humor
-Trouble with big picture of information

A

right hemisphere

66
Q

Lesion to this area of the brain results in problems with pragmatics, esp facial expressions, intonation

A

nondominant hemisphere

67
Q

progressive degeneration of upper AND lower motor neurons

A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

68
Q

this degenerative disease comes from a lesion to the substantia nigra

A

Parkinson’s

69
Q

This degenerative disease is genetic, cerebral cortex and basal ganglia atrophy

A

Huntington’s Disease

70
Q

This degenerative disease is an autoimmune disease - immune system blocks motor neuron ions

A

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

71
Q

This degenerative disease is caused by inflation of VII Facial nerve

A

Bell’s Palsy

A&P of Speech and Hearing (19 decks)

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