Neuroanatomy - Lesions and Pathologies

Question 1

trauma to head where dura peeled off skull and blood pools in in-between space

Answer 1

Epidural hematoma

Question 2

trauma to head that results in blood being released from below dura in meninges; temporal lobe can herniate as result

Answer 2

Subdural hematoma

Question 3

difficulty producing speech caused by lesion in Broca’s area

Answer 3

Broca’s aphasia

Question 4

___, or difficulty reading language, can be caused by lesion to __ __

Answer 4

alexia; angular gyri

Question 5

___, or difficulty writing language, can be caused by lesion to ___ ___

Answer 5

Agraphia; supramarginal gyri

Question 6

conduction aphasia comes from a lesion to one of these two

Answer 6

arcuate fasciculus
supramarginal gyrus of parietal lobe

Question 7

In multiple sclerosis, ___ in the brain gets damaged or destroyed over time

Answer 7

myelin

Question 8

Lesions in this area result in involuntary mvt, resting tremors, increased muscle tone

Answer 8

basal ganglia

Question 9

general aphasia can result from damage to this part of the subcortex

Answer 9

pulvinar (inside thalamus)

Question 10

Damage to the __ can cause ___ (involuntary flinging of limbs), OCD, impulsivity

Answer 10

subthalamus; hemiballismus

Question 11

foreign body that obstructs a blood vessel

Answer 11

Embolus

Question 12

floating blood clot

Answer 12

embolus

Question 13

two types of strokes and differences

Answer 13

1) hemorrhagic - blood leaks into brain tissue
2) ischemic stroke - clot blocks blood getting to a part of the brain

Question 14

ballooning of a blood vessel is called

Answer 14

aneurysm

Question 15

damage to LMNs cause

Answer 15

muscle weakness/paralysis

Question 16

damage to UMNs cause ___ BUT reflexes still in tact because ___ are working

Answer 16

muscle weakness/paralysis; LMNs

Question 17

speech disorder from paralysis, muscular weakness, and discoordination of speech musculature

Answer 17

Dysarthria

Question 18

type of dysarthria depends on the location of __

Answer 18

lesion

Question 19

six main types of dysarthria

Answer 19

HUF ASH

Flaccid
Spastic
Ataxic
Hyperkinetic
Hypokinetic
Unilateral upper motor neuron

Question 20

in this type of dysarthria, there’s damage to lower motor neurons (LMNs) or their cell bodies; usually damage to cranial nerves serving speech muscles

Answer 20

flaccid

Question 21

low muscle tone

Answer 21

hypotonia

Question 22

name for involuntary twitching movements

Answer 22

fasciculations

Question 23

In this type of dysarthria, reflexes mediated by affected nerve are reduced or absent

Answer 23

flaccid

Question 24

In this type of dysarthria, there’s bilateral damage to upper motor neurons (UMNs) of pyramidal and extrapyramidal motor pathways

Answer 24

spastic

Question 25

In this type of dysarthria, there's an inability to execute skilled mvts, loss of inhibition of reflexes, increased muscle tone

Answer 25

spastic

Question 26

In this type of dysarthria, there's a unilateral lesion in face muscle control region

Answer 26

unilateral upper motor neuron (UUMN)

Question 27

In this type of dysarthria, only one side of tongue/lower facial muscles affected because they have contralateral innervation

Answer 27

UUMN

Question 28

this type of dysarthria comes from damage to cerebellum, brian stem vestibular nuclei, or both

Answer 28

ataxic

Question 29

this type of dysarthria causes loss of coordination, undershooting/overshooting in articulators, trouble making repetitive mvts, dysprosody (trouble with prosody)

Answer 29

Ataxic

Question 30

uncontrolled flailing caused by damage to subthalamic nucleus

Answer 30

ballism

Question 31

this type of dysarthria is caused by damage to extrapyramidal system, usually basal ganglia

Answer 31

Hyperkinetic

Question 32

this type of dysarthria results in extraneous, involuntary mvt of speech musculature in addition to voluntary mvts, ballism, sometimes muscle twitching, other involuntary mvt

Answer 32

hyperkinetic

Question 33

this type of dysarthria is caused by damage to substantia nigra (excitatory mechanisms for movement)

Answer 33

hypokinetic

Question 34

this type of dysarthria results in little/slow movement from patient, hand tremor; speech rushed, less intense, more monotone

Answer 34

hypokinetic

Question 35

Parkinson's disease can result in a diagnosis of this type of dysarthria

Answer 35

hypokinetic

Question 36

more than one type of dysarthria at the same time is called

Answer 36

mixed dysarthria

Question 37

Condition where there's a dysfunction in motor planning without muscular weakness

Answer 37

dyspraxia

Question 38

this is often caused by damage to premotor region of brain

Answer 38

dyspraxia

Question 39

Patients with this condition have difficulty initiating speech; bilateral effect, voluntary contraction of muscle impaired

Answer 39

dyspraxia

Question 40

patients with this condition have often had damage to precentral region on insular cortex, and experience a significant loss of fluency, trouble with articulators

Answer 40

verbal dyspraxia

Question 41

____ is the partial loss of ability to do a motor movement with accuracy, and ___ is the complete loss of ability to do something

Answer 41

dyspraxia; apraxia

Question 42

condition where senses work but brain unable to process sensory info

Answer 42

agnosia

Question 43

event that causes cessation of blood flow to neural tissue, either via hemorrhaging, thrombosis or embolism

Answer 43

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Question 44

common type of CVA

Answer 44

stroke

Question 45

injury to the head where the skull remains in tact

Answer 45

Closed head injury (CHI)

Question 46

an injury where head is damaged, like car crash or gunshot wound

Answer 46

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

Question 47

Most frequent cause of an acquired cognitive deficit

Answer 47

TBI

Question 48

Most frequent cause of aphasia

Answer 48

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA

Question 49

Language disorder caused by damage to language centers in brain. Can make it hard to communicate and/or hard to understand, read or write language, but overall intelligence/thinking not affected

Answer 49

Aphasia

Question 50

In this type of aphasia, there's a normal flow of speech, but patients use substituted/nonwords and have trouble understanding what they here

Answer 50

wernicke's/fluid aphasia

Question 51

damage to this area of the brain causes fluent aphasia, or ____'s aphasia

Answer 51

Wernicke

Question 52

damage to this area of the brain causes non-fluent aphasia, or ____'s aphasia

Answer 52

Broca’s

Question 53

In this type of aphasia, patients can comprehend language but have great difficulty producing it; speech is often segmented and brief

Answer 53

Broca's/non-fluid

Question 54

Damage to these four parts of the brain causes non-fluent aphasia

Answer 54

-Damage to Broca’s area (44-45) -operculum of frontal and parietal regions -insula -white matter beneath these regions

Question 55

In this type of aphasia, patient can comprehend speech/written, fluent spontaneous speech, can’t repeat utterances heard, phoneme substitution

Answer 55

conduction

Question 56

In this type of aphasia, patient has trouble comprehending and speaking

Answer 56

global

Question 57

Global aphasia can be caused by damage to these three parts of the brain:

Answer 57

-Wernicke’s area -Broca’s area -Areas below cortex

Question 58

type of aphasia that includes difficulty naming objects

Answer 58

anomia

Question 59

Anomia often caused by damage to this area

Answer 59

thalamus

Question 60

Subcortical structures, like the __ __ and __, can result in aphasia

Answer 60

basal ganglia; thalamus

Question 61

6 types of aphasia

Answer 61

ABCC GW 1) cortical deafness 2) Wernicke's/fluent 3) Broca's/non-fluent 4) conduction 5) global 6) anomia

Question 62

This speech disorder often occurs with Broca's aphasia

Answer 62

dyspraxia

Question 63

Lesion to this area of the brain results in problems with cognitive functions, memory, attention, perception, judgement

Answer 63

left frontal lobe

Question 64

Lesion to this area of the brain results in problems with short-term memory, especially with sound

Answer 64

hippocampus

Question 65

Lesion to this area of the brain results in problems with -Loss of speech nuances -Impairment of emotion, intent, humor -Trouble with big picture of information

Answer 65

right hemisphere

Question 66

Lesion to this area of the brain results in problems with pragmatics, esp facial expressions, intonation

Answer 66

nondominant hemisphere

Question 67

progressive degeneration of upper AND lower motor neurons

Answer 67

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Question 68

this degenerative disease comes from a lesion to the substantia nigra

Answer 68

Parkinson's

Question 69

This degenerative disease is genetic, cerebral cortex and basal ganglia atrophy

Answer 69

Huntington's Disease

Question 70

This degenerative disease is an autoimmune disease - immune system blocks motor neuron ions

Answer 70

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

Question 71

This degenerative disease is caused by inflation of VII Facial nerve

Answer 71

Bell's Palsy