Neuroanatomy - overview Flashcards
point of union between two neurons
synapse
BRAIN
runs voluntary functions
cerebral cortex
Group of nuclei, very involved in background movement
basal ganglia
means by which nervous system translates info about internal/external environment to something brain can use
sensors
Parts of the nervous system that respond to changing conditions
effectors
of neurons in nervous system
100 billion
Process of integrating multiple senses to process stimulation
Combined sensation
sensation from inside body
deep sensation
sensation arising from surface of body
superficial sensation
what three things constitute mechanical stimulation
light/deep pressure
vibration changes in joints and muscles
sensation related to pain, temperature and mechanical stimulation
somatic sense
sense of body in motion
Kinesthetic sense/kinesthesia
designed to transduce specific exteroceptive info
Special senses
type of sense receptor that responds to physical distortion of tissue
mechanoreceptors
type of sense receptor that needs contact with molecules of target substance
Chemoreceptor
type of sense receptors that interprets light
photoreceptor
type of sense receptor that interprets temperature
thermoreceptor
name for visual and hearing sense receptors
telereceptors
type of sense receptor that monitor events in the body
Interoceptors
type of sense receptor that responds to stimulus outside body
Exteroceptors
sensors that monitor change in body or body part’s position in space or muscle and joint sensors
proprioceptors
meissner corpsucle
pacinian corpuscle
nerve endings
Ruffini’s corpuscles
Merkel’s disks
these receptors sense vibration
pacinian corpuscles
these receptors sense touch that results in indentation
Merkel
these receptors sense stretch
Ruffini corpuscle
these receptors sense light touch or brushing
Hair follicles
these receptors sense dynamic movement (ie moving hands)
Meissner corpuscles
what is in the CNS?
everything in the brain and spinal cord
what are the three parts of the PNS?
spinal nerves, cranial nerves, sensory receptors
two divisions of the nervous system relating to movement
autonomic (involuntary) and somatic (voluntary)
Two subdivisions of ANS
Sympathetic (fight/flight) and parasympathetic (rest/digest)
The PNS has ___ pairs of cranial nerves and ___ pairs of spinal nerves as well as __ __
12; 31; sensory receptors
another name of sympathetic nervous system
thoracolumbar
another name for parasympathetic system
craniosacral
difference between afferent and efferent
afferent = goes TOWARD brain, sensory
efferent = goes AWAY form brain, motor
two subdivisions of SNS
pyramidal
extrapyramidal
this part of the SNS lives on the motor strip of the cerebral cortex and is responsible for initiation of voluntary motor acts
pyramidal
this part of the SNS lives in the cerebral cortex (mostly frontal lobe) and controls background tone/mvt supporting primary acts
extrapyramidal
Another name for brain, sometimes in the context of embryonic development
Encephalon
A 4-week-old embryo has these three parts
The cephalons
Prosen cephalon = forebrain
Mesen cephalon = midbrain
Rhomben cephalon = hindbrain
two types of aggregates of neurons
1) ganglia
2) tracts
Nervous system made up of communicating cells (__) and support tissue, __ __
neurons; glial cells
3 parts of neuron
- Dendrites
- Soma
- Axon
stimulation of neuron that reduces neuron’s output
inhibition
stimulation that causes increase of activity
excitation
the part of the cell that grows out of the soma into an axon is called the
axon hillock
_____ cells make myelin sheaths in PNS
Schwann
In CNS, myelin sheaths made up of ___
oligodendrocytes
gaps between myeline sheaths are called ____. This is where action potential is triggered
nodes of Ranvier
Gap between two neurons where neurotransmitter is released
synaptic cleft
This type of matter is composed of dendrites, somas, and proximal parts of axons
gray
this type of matter is composed of spinal tracts and myelinated axons
white
Neurotransmitters are housed in __ __at the __, or end of the axon
synaptic vesicles; telodendria
Name type of neuron
Unipolar
neurons are named from the number of ___ arising from the soma
processes
name the type of neuron
bipolar
name the type of neuron
multipolar
what do astrocytes do?
provide support and supply nutrients
what do microglia do?
scavenge necrotic tissue formed by lesion
Brain system having to do with basic needs
limbic
Short-term memory housed in the __ system
limbic
mass of nuclei that goes through whole brainstem, oldest part of brain, basic functions like respiration and control of blood pressure
Reticular formation
3 functions of spinal cord
Translator
1) Receive sensory info from all areas below neck
2) Communication between brain and body via spinal nerves
3) Transmits motor commands
The spinal cord is composed of
neurons
Integration of sensory info, motor planning, cognitive processing, learning are all functions of the
cerebellum
Consciousness, planning, ideation and cognition are all functions of the
cerebrum
This test uses strong magnets to align nuclei of body’s atoms, two or three-dimensional images
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
This test measures blood flow of tissue, which can help highlight what areas of the brain are used to process specific types of info
fMRI (functional MRI)
This test uses low-dose irradiation to make 3-D images. It’s good for showing cerebrovascular supply, density of tissue (good for id-ing tumors)
CT/CAT scan
This test is a type of CT scan uses ionizing radiation can label neurotransmitters and observe active sites
PET (positron emission tomography)
This type of test measures brainwaves (ie electrical currents) over scalp
EEG - electroencephalography
name the type of test
EEG
