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A&P of Speech and Hearing > Neuroanatomy - overview > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy - overview Flashcards

1
Q

point of union between two neurons

A

synapse

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2
Q

BRAIN

runs voluntary functions

A

cerebral cortex

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3
Q

Group of nuclei, very involved in background movement

A

basal ganglia

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4
Q

means by which nervous system translates info about internal/external environment to something brain can use

A

sensors

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5
Q

Parts of the nervous system that respond to changing conditions

A

effectors

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6
Q

of neurons in nervous system

A

100 billion

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7
Q

Process of integrating multiple senses to process stimulation

A

Combined sensation

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8
Q

sensation from inside body

A

deep sensation

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9
Q

sensation arising from surface of body

A

superficial sensation

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10
Q

what three things constitute mechanical stimulation

A

light/deep pressure
vibration changes in joints and muscles

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11
Q

sensation related to pain, temperature and mechanical stimulation

A

somatic sense

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

sense of body in motion

A

Kinesthetic sense/kinesthesia

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14
Q

designed to transduce specific exteroceptive info

A

Special senses

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15
Q

type of sense receptor that responds to physical distortion of tissue

A

mechanoreceptors

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16
Q

type of sense receptor that needs contact with molecules of target substance

A

Chemoreceptor

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17
Q

type of sense receptors that interprets light

A

photoreceptor

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18
Q

type of sense receptor that interprets temperature

A

thermoreceptor

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19
Q

name for visual and hearing sense receptors

A

telereceptors

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20
Q

type of sense receptor that monitor events in the body

A

Interoceptors

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21
Q

type of sense receptor that responds to stimulus outside body

A

Exteroceptors

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22
Q

sensors that monitor change in body or body part’s position in space or muscle and joint sensors

A

proprioceptors

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23
Q
A

meissner corpsucle

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24
Q
A
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25
Q
A

pacinian corpuscle

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26
Q
A

nerve endings

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27
Q
A

Ruffini’s corpuscles

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28
Q
A

Merkel’s disks

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29
Q

these receptors sense vibration

A

pacinian corpuscles

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30
Q

these receptors sense touch that results in indentation

A

Merkel

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31
Q

these receptors sense stretch

A

Ruffini corpuscle

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32
Q

these receptors sense light touch or brushing

A

Hair follicles

33
Q

these receptors sense dynamic movement (ie moving hands)

A

Meissner corpuscles

34
Q

what is in the CNS?

A

everything in the brain and spinal cord

35
Q

what are the three parts of the PNS?

A

spinal nerves, cranial nerves, sensory receptors

36
Q

two divisions of the nervous system relating to movement

A

autonomic (involuntary) and somatic (voluntary)

37
Q

Two subdivisions of ANS

A

Sympathetic (fight/flight) and parasympathetic (rest/digest)

38
Q

The PNS has ___ pairs of cranial nerves and ___ pairs of spinal nerves as well as __ __

A

12; 31; sensory receptors

39
Q

another name of sympathetic nervous system

A

thoracolumbar

40
Q

another name for parasympathetic system

A

craniosacral

41
Q

difference between afferent and efferent

A

afferent = goes TOWARD brain, sensory
efferent = goes AWAY form brain, motor

42
Q

two subdivisions of SNS

A

pyramidal
extrapyramidal

43
Q

this part of the SNS lives on the motor strip of the cerebral cortex and is responsible for initiation of voluntary motor acts

A

pyramidal

44
Q

this part of the SNS lives in the cerebral cortex (mostly frontal lobe) and controls background tone/mvt supporting primary acts

A

extrapyramidal

45
Q

Another name for brain, sometimes in the context of embryonic development

A

Encephalon

46
Q

A 4-week-old embryo has these three parts

A

The cephalons

Prosen cephalon = forebrain
Mesen cephalon = midbrain
Rhomben cephalon = hindbrain

47
Q

two types of aggregates of neurons

A

1) ganglia
2) tracts

48
Q

Nervous system made up of communicating cells (__) and support tissue, __ __

A

neurons; glial cells

49
Q

3 parts of neuron

A
  1. Dendrites
  2. Soma
  3. Axon
50
Q

stimulation of neuron that reduces neuron’s output

A

inhibition

51
Q

stimulation that causes increase of activity

A

excitation

52
Q

the part of the cell that grows out of the soma into an axon is called the

A

axon hillock

53
Q

_____ cells make myelin sheaths in PNS

A

Schwann

54
Q

In CNS, myelin sheaths made up of ___

A

oligodendrocytes

55
Q

gaps between myeline sheaths are called ____. This is where action potential is triggered

A

nodes of Ranvier

56
Q

Gap between two neurons where neurotransmitter is released

A

synaptic cleft

57
Q

This type of matter is composed of dendrites, somas, and proximal parts of axons

A

gray

58
Q

this type of matter is composed of spinal tracts and myelinated axons

A

white

59
Q

Neurotransmitters are housed in __ __at the __, or end of the axon

A

synaptic vesicles; telodendria

60
Q

Name type of neuron

A

Unipolar

61
Q

neurons are named from the number of ___ arising from the soma

A

processes

62
Q

name the type of neuron

A

bipolar

63
Q

name the type of neuron

A

multipolar

64
Q

what do astrocytes do?

A

provide support and supply nutrients

65
Q

what do microglia do?

A

scavenge necrotic tissue formed by lesion

66
Q

Brain system having to do with basic needs

A

limbic

67
Q

Short-term memory housed in the __ system

A

limbic

68
Q

mass of nuclei that goes through whole brainstem, oldest part of brain, basic functions like respiration and control of blood pressure

A

Reticular formation

69
Q

3 functions of spinal cord

A

Translator

1) Receive sensory info from all areas below neck
2) Communication between brain and body via spinal nerves
3) Transmits motor commands

70
Q

The spinal cord is composed of

A

neurons

71
Q

Integration of sensory info, motor planning, cognitive processing, learning are all functions of the

A

cerebellum

72
Q

Consciousness, planning, ideation and cognition are all functions of the

A

cerebrum

73
Q

This test uses strong magnets to align nuclei of body’s atoms, two or three-dimensional images

A

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

74
Q

This test measures blood flow of tissue, which can help highlight what areas of the brain are used to process specific types of info

A

fMRI (functional MRI)

75
Q

This test uses low-dose irradiation to make 3-D images. It’s good for showing cerebrovascular supply, density of tissue (good for id-ing tumors)

A

CT/CAT scan

75
Q

This test is a type of CT scan uses ionizing radiation can label neurotransmitters and observe active sites

A

PET (positron emission tomography)

75
Q

This type of test measures brainwaves (ie electrical currents) over scalp

A

EEG - electroencephalography

76
Q

name the type of test

A

EEG

A&P of Speech and Hearing (19 decks)

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