surgery Flashcards
what is a biopsy
medical removal of tissue from a living subject to determine the presence or extent of a disease
why a biopsy
to diagnose
who is involved in a biopsy
performed by surgeon
examined by pathologist
what is an excisional biopsy
an entire lump is removed
what is an incisional biopsy / core biopsy
only a sample of tissue is removed, the histology is preserved
what is a needle aspiration biopsy
sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle, not preserving histology
types of surgeries
wide local excision of tumour
removal of part of an organ
removal of entire organ
surgery and management of lymph nodes
sentinel node biopsy
axillary node - breast
radical neck dissection - handn
inguinal node - vulva, anal , penile
when are there no excision of nodes
lymphomas or leukaemias
or when there will be no improvement to quality of life
why use combined surgery with chemo/rt
surgery is limited by treating microscopic disease adjacent to the primary site
tumours bigger than 5cm- this is ideal
what is preoperative RT
makes surgery easier if tumour shrinks
what is post operative surgery
no delay to surgery
true staging might be masked by per-op rt
what is pre-operatve chemo
can downstage the tumour before surgically removing it
can allow clear margins
why use palliative surgery
relief from obstructive symptoms
control haemorrhage
fungating (ulcerating) tumours
fracture reduction and fixation
how to relieve from obstructions
resection of bowel tumour - intestinal obstruction
intubating oesopahgus - dysphagia
