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Radiation Therapy and Oncology 1 (RADT123)(2021) > staging and grading > Flashcards

staging and grading Flashcards

1
Q

AJCC

A

American Joint COmmittee on Cancer

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2
Q

UICC

A

Union for International Cancer Control

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3
Q

FIGO

A

International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics

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4
Q

COG

A

Children Oncology Group

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5
Q

Staging

A

the estimation of the extent of the disease and considers both the primary and metastatic tumours

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6
Q

Staging is determined via

A 
physical exam
imaging -ct, x-ray, MRI
lab tests - blood, pee
pathology reports
surgical reports
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7
Q

Staging is important because

A

it helps in treatment planning
assists the evaluation of treatment modalities
aids prognosis
enables patients to b compared between different cancer centres internationally
research and clinical trials

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8
Q

TNM staging

A 
most commonly used 
Tumour
Node
Metastases
0-4 - degree of involvement
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9
Q

T

A

size, how deep and wether it has grown into nearby tissue

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10
Q

TX means

A

tumour cant be measures

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11
Q

T0 means

A

No evidence of primary tumour

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12
Q

Tis means

A

cancer cells only growing in superfical layer, carcinoma in situ

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13
Q

T size

A

Higher the T no. means larger the tumour

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14
Q

T1

A

small tumour of less than 2cm

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15
Q

T4

A

advanced local disease often invading local structures

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16
Q

N

A

higher the N number the greater the cancer spread using lymph nodes

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17
Q

N0

A

no nodal involment

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18
Q

N1

A

mobile nodes on the same side

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19
Q

N2

A

mobile nodes on contralateral (opposite ) side

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20
Q

N3

A

tumour spread to more distant regional lymph nodes

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21
Q

M0

A

no metastasis

22
Q

M1

A

Metastasis present

23
Q

Clinical staging

A

cTNM

based on evidence before treatment

24
Q

Pathological staging

A

pTNM
based on evidence aquired from surgical procedure
can be restaged

25
Q

yTNM

A

stage assesed after chemo or radiation therapy

neoadjuvant therapy

26
Q

rTNM

A

stage for a recurrent tumour after some time disease free

27
Q

aTNM

A

stage determines at autopsy

28
Q

Stage grouping

A

To predict survival rates

so its a uniform grouping system

29
Q

stage 0

A

carcinoma in situ

30
Q

stage 4

A

tumour with distant metastasis

31
Q

Ann Arbor Staging system

A

used for lymphomas

32
Q

Childhood cancers staged using

A

COG and TNM

33
Q

cervix,uterus,ovary,vagina and vulva cancer staging

A

FIGO

34
Q

MAC - Dukes and Modified Aster-collier

A

for colorectual cancer

35
Q

Grading tumour

A

based on differentiation
can be well differentiated and resembles parent tissue and arranged in a similar pattern to parent tissue
Undifferentitated - no resemblance to parent tissue
graded via degree of malignancy

36
Q

Grade 1

A

well differentiated

37
Q

Grade 2

A

Moderately differentiated

38
Q

Grade 3

A

Poorly differentiated

39
Q

Grade 4

A

Undifferentiated

40
Q

Gleason score

A

prostate
grade 1 - no cancer
grade 2 - rare
more than one grade of cancer so the grade of the two most common are added together

41
Q

Scharf Richardson Bloom System

A

Breast

42
Q

Need to be aware of when grading

A

Presence of giant cells, Variation in size, shape and stain of nuclei and number of abnormal mitoses

43
Q

grading sample

A

must be taken from edge of tumour, it is the most evolved in the tumout at that point

44
Q

least differentiation

A

greater mitotic rate and greater number of abnormal mitoses

45
Q

why is grading important

A

to know the behaviour of the tumour, determine choice of treatment, prognosis

46
Q

higher gleason score

A

more active the cancer

47
Q

ISUP grading system

A

simpler

48
Q

ISUP Grade 1

A

gleason score less than 6

low risk

49
Q

ISUP Grade 2

A

gleason score 7

intermediate favourable

50
Q

ISUP Grade 3

A

gleason 7

intermediate unfavourable

51
Q

ISUP 4

A

gleason 8

high risk

52
Q

ISUP 5

A

gleson 9-10

high risk

Radiation Therapy and Oncology 1 (RADT123)(2021) (18 decks)

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