staging and grading

Question 1

AJCC

Answer 1

American Joint COmmittee on Cancer

Question 2

UICC

Answer 2

Union for International Cancer Control

Question 3

FIGO

Answer 3

International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics

Question 4

COG

Answer 4

Children Oncology Group

Question 5

Staging

Answer 5

the estimation of the extent of the disease and considers both the primary and metastatic tumours

Question 6

Staging is determined via

Answer 6

physical exam
imaging -ct, x-ray, MRI
lab tests - blood, pee
pathology reports
surgical reports

Question 7

Staging is important because

Answer 7

it helps in treatment planning
assists the evaluation of treatment modalities
aids prognosis
enables patients to b compared between different cancer centres internationally
research and clinical trials

Question 8

TNM staging

Answer 8

most commonly used 
Tumour
Node
Metastases
0-4 - degree of involvement

Question 9

T

Answer 9

size, how deep and wether it has grown into nearby tissue

Question 10

TX means

Answer 10

tumour cant be measures

Question 11

T0 means

Answer 11

No evidence of primary tumour

Question 12

Tis means

Answer 12

cancer cells only growing in superfical layer, carcinoma in situ

Question 13

T size

Answer 13

Higher the T no. means larger the tumour

Question 14

T1

Answer 14

small tumour of less than 2cm

Question 15

T4

Answer 15

advanced local disease often invading local structures

Question 16

N

Answer 16

higher the N number the greater the cancer spread using lymph nodes

Question 17

N0

Answer 17

no nodal involment

Question 18

N1

Answer 18

mobile nodes on the same side

Question 19

N2

Answer 19

mobile nodes on contralateral (opposite ) side

Question 20

N3

Answer 20

tumour spread to more distant regional lymph nodes

Question 21

M0

Answer 21

no metastasis

Question 22

M1

Answer 22

Metastasis present

Question 23

Clinical staging

Answer 23

cTNM

based on evidence before treatment

Question 24

Pathological staging

Answer 24

pTNM
based on evidence aquired from surgical procedure
can be restaged

Question 25

yTNM

Answer 25

stage assesed after chemo or radiation therapy | neoadjuvant therapy

Question 26

rTNM

Answer 26

stage for a recurrent tumour after some time disease free

Question 27

aTNM

Answer 27

stage determines at autopsy

Question 28

Stage grouping

Answer 28

To predict survival rates | so its a uniform grouping system

Question 29

stage 0

Answer 29

carcinoma in situ

Question 30

stage 4

Answer 30

tumour with distant metastasis

Question 31

Ann Arbor Staging system

Answer 31

used for lymphomas

Question 32

Childhood cancers staged using

Answer 32

COG and TNM

Question 33

cervix,uterus,ovary,vagina and vulva cancer staging

Answer 33

FIGO

Question 34

MAC - Dukes and Modified Aster-collier

Answer 34

for colorectual cancer

Question 35

Grading tumour

Answer 35

based on differentiation can be well differentiated and resembles parent tissue and arranged in a similar pattern to parent tissue Undifferentitated - no resemblance to parent tissue graded via degree of malignancy

Question 36

Grade 1

Answer 36

well differentiated

Question 37

Grade 2

Answer 37

Moderately differentiated

Question 38

Grade 3

Answer 38

Poorly differentiated

Question 39

Grade 4

Answer 39

Undifferentiated

Question 40

Gleason score

Answer 40

prostate grade 1 - no cancer grade 2 - rare more than one grade of cancer so the grade of the two most common are added together

Question 41

Scharf Richardson Bloom System

Answer 41

Breast

Question 42

Need to be aware of when grading

Answer 42

Presence of giant cells, Variation in size, shape and stain of nuclei and number of abnormal mitoses

Question 43

grading sample

Answer 43

must be taken from edge of tumour, it is the most evolved in the tumout at that point

Question 44

least differentiation

Answer 44

greater mitotic rate and greater number of abnormal mitoses

Question 45

why is grading important

Answer 45

to know the behaviour of the tumour, determine choice of treatment, prognosis

Question 46

higher gleason score

Answer 46

more active the cancer

Question 47

ISUP grading system

Answer 47

simpler

Question 48

ISUP Grade 1

Answer 48

gleason score less than 6 | low risk

Question 49

ISUP Grade 2

Answer 49

gleason score 7 | intermediate favourable

Question 50

ISUP Grade 3

Answer 50

gleason 7 | intermediate unfavourable

Question 51

ISUP 4

Answer 51

gleason 8 | high risk

Question 52

ISUP 5

Answer 52

gleson 9-10 | high risk