Malignancy

Question 1

what tissue type do carcinomas come from

Answer 1

epithelial tissue

Question 2

are carcinomas easily distinguished

Answer 2

no, crab like and infiltrates the tissue

not in a pouch

Question 3

do carcinomas do angiogenesis

Answer 3

no, they dont tend to use excessive blood vessel formtion

Question 4

how do carcinomas metastasise

Answer 4

via blood and lymphatics

Question 5

are carcinomas radiosensitive

Answer 5

yes

Question 6

treatment options for carcinoms?

Answer 6

RT
surgery
hormone
chemo

Question 7

organ sites of carcinomas

Answer 7

head and neck
lung
breast 
prostate
colon and rectum
pancreas
ovaries

Question 8

different types of carcinomas

Answer 8

Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Adenosquamous carcinoma
Anaplastic/undifferentiated
Large cell 
small cell

Question 9

SCC

Answer 9

observable features

characteristics indictive of differentiation

Question 10

Adenocarcinoma

Answer 10

glandular-related tissue

Question 11

Adenosquamous carcinoma

Answer 11

mixed tumour containing adeno and SC carcinomas

Question 12

Anaplastic Carcinoma

Answer 12

high grade carcinomas, lacks evidence of any of the more specific cancers

Question 13

Large Cell Carcinoma

Answer 13

Large, monotonous rounded or overtly polygonal-shaped cells with abundant cytoplasm

Question 14

Small Cell Carcinoma

Answer 14

cells usually rounded and less than 3times the diameter of a resting lymphocyte and little evident cytoplasm

Question 15

Spindle cell carcinoma

Answer 15

Rare subtype with elongated cells and resembles connective tissue cancers

Question 16

Giant cell carcinoma

Answer 16

rare, huge, bizarre, multinucleated cells

Question 17

sarcomatoid carcinoma

Answer 17

rare, mixture of spindle and giant cell carcinoma

Question 18

pleomorphic carcinoma

Answer 18

rare, contains spindle or giant cell, and 10% are more highly diffenitated (eg, adenocarcinoma and squamous cell)

Question 19

Sarcomas are

Answer 19

in connective and soft tissue (bone,cartilage,fat,muscle)

malignant tumours

Question 20

Sarcomas appear as

Answer 20

a bulky mass

Question 21

how are sarcomas named

Answer 21

resembles tissue type

and can also have a carcinosarcoma ( individual components remsembling them both)

Question 22

sarcoma chararistics

Answer 22

grows by expansions
faster than carcinoma
angiogenesis is common
radioresistant

Question 23

treatment options for sarcoas

Answer 23

surgery and chemotherapy

RT sometimes used

Question 24

Sarcoma grading

Answer 24

assigned a grade based on presence and frequency of certain cellular and subcellular characteristics associated with the malignant biological behavior

Question 25

Low grade sarcoma treatment

Answer 25

Usually surgically | sometimes rt and chemo

Question 26

intermediate/high grade sarcoma treatment

Answer 26

frequently with combination surgery, chemo and rt | treated more aggressively as they will likely undergo metastasis

Question 27

sarcomas common in adults

Answer 27

Leiomyosarcoma Chondrosarcoma Gastrointestinal Stromal tumour

Question 28

common in children and young adults and is high grade

Answer 28

Ewing's Sarcoma | osteosarcoma

Question 29

Leukaemias and Lymphomas

Answer 29

occur in bone marrow and lymph nodes mesoderm cells malignant

Question 30

Leukaemias subdivisions

Answer 30

acute and chronic and then divided based on which blood cells are affected

Question 31

treatment for lukemia

Answer 31

chemo, only rt if late stage disease or prophylactic treatment

Question 32

acute leukaemia is

Answer 32

rapid increase of immature blood cells, immediate treatment is required as it accumulated and spills into the bloodstream and spread all over the body

Question 33

acute leukaemia is most common in

Answer 33

children

Question 34

Chronic leukaemia is

Answer 34

build up of relatively mature abnormal, white blood cells | slow progression months to years

Question 35

chronic leukeamis most common in

Answer 35

older people

Question 36

Blood cell subdivisions

Answer 36

Lymphocytic Lymphoblastic Myeloid Myelogenous

Question 37

Lymphocytic | Lymphoblastic occurs because

Answer 37

cancer changes in the marrow that produces lymphocytes ( immune fighting cells )

Question 38

Myeloid | Myelogenous

Answer 38

Cancer changes the marrow that forms normal red blood cells, some other types of white blood cells and platelets

Question 39

what is a Lymphocytic acute leukaemia

Answer 39

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

Question 40

what is a Lymphocytic chronic leukaemia

Answer 40

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

Question 41

what is a myeloid acute leukaemia

Answer 41

Acute Myelogenour leukaemia

Question 42

what is a myeloid chronic leukaemia

Answer 42

chronic myelogenous leukaemia

Question 43

4 other types of leukaemias

Answer 43

hairy cell leukaemia T-cell prolymphoctyic leukaemia Large grandular ymphocytic leukaemia Adult t-cell leukaemia

Question 44

Lymphoma is

Answer 44

a blood cancer where b or t lymphocytes divide faster than normal cells or live longer

Question 45

where does lymphoma form

Answer 45

lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, blood or other organs, eventually forming a tumour

Question 46

how does a lymphoma present

Answer 46

enlargment of a node

Question 47

how is lymphoma treated

Answer 47

chemo | sometimes rt and bone marrow transplant

Question 48

types of lymphomas

Answer 48

Hodking's disease | Non-hodgkins disease

Question 49

Extra nodal lymphoma sites

Answer 49

``` tonsils skin brain bowel bone ```

Question 50

signs and symptoms of lymphomas

Answer 50

swelling of lymph nodes b symptoms - fever, night sweats, weight loss other : loss of appeitite, fatigue, dyspnoea, itching

Question 51

Gliomas tumour begin

Answer 51

starts in brain or spine arising from glial cells

Question 52

gliomas appear

Answer 52

bulky on imaging

Question 53

how do gliomas grow

Answer 53

expand and grow through local invasion

Question 54

Astrocytomas

Answer 54

glioma astorcytes glioblastoma multiforme is malignant grade 4 most commom among adults

Question 55

ependymomas

Answer 55

ependymal cells | glioma

Question 56

oligodendrogliomas

Answer 56

glioma | oligodendrocytes

Question 57

brainstem glioma

Answer 57

glioma | develops in brain stem

Question 58

optic nerve glioma

Answer 58

glioma | develops in or around optic nerve

Question 59

mixed gliomas

Answer 59

oligoastrocytomas glioma containc cells from different types of glia

Question 60

low grade glioma

Answer 60

well differentiated better prognosis benign tendencies uniform rate of recurrence + increase grade over time

Question 61

High grade glioma

Answer 61

undifferntiated | carry worse prognosis

Question 62

headache symptoms of gliomas

Answer 62

headaches after waking up - CSF accumlates in head, increasing pressure on brain from CSF and tumour = headache

Question 63

symptoms of brain gliomas

Answer 63

headahces vomiting seizures crainial nerve disorders

Question 64

symptoms of optic nerve glioma

Answer 64

lose of vision

Question 65

spinal cord glioma symptoms

Answer 65

pain, weakness, numbness, or numbness in extremities

Question 66

gliomas spread

Answer 66

metastasis via CSF not through blood

Question 67

Treatment of gliomas

Answer 67

vary depending on location and malignancy | often combined approach

Question 68

spinal cord glioma treatment

Answer 68

surgery and radiation

Question 69

Why is temozolomide an effective chemo drug for gliomas

Answer 69

only drug that can cross the blood-brain barrier effectively