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Radiation Therapy and Oncology 1 (RADT123)(2021) > Malignancy > Flashcards

Malignancy Flashcards

1
Q

what tissue type do carcinomas come from

A

epithelial tissue

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2
Q

are carcinomas easily distinguished

A

no, crab like and infiltrates the tissue

not in a pouch

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3
Q

do carcinomas do angiogenesis

A

no, they dont tend to use excessive blood vessel formtion

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4
Q

how do carcinomas metastasise

A

via blood and lymphatics

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5
Q

are carcinomas radiosensitive

A

yes

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6
Q

treatment options for carcinoms?

A

RT
surgery
hormone
chemo

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7
Q

organ sites of carcinomas

A 
head and neck
lung
breast 
prostate
colon and rectum
pancreas
ovaries
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8
Q

different types of carcinomas

A 
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Adenosquamous carcinoma
Anaplastic/undifferentiated
Large cell 
small cell
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9
Q

SCC

A

observable features

characteristics indictive of differentiation

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10
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

glandular-related tissue

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11
Q

Adenosquamous carcinoma

A

mixed tumour containing adeno and SC carcinomas

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12
Q

Anaplastic Carcinoma

A

high grade carcinomas, lacks evidence of any of the more specific cancers

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13
Q

Large Cell Carcinoma

A

Large, monotonous rounded or overtly polygonal-shaped cells with abundant cytoplasm

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14
Q

Small Cell Carcinoma

A

cells usually rounded and less than 3times the diameter of a resting lymphocyte and little evident cytoplasm

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15
Q

Spindle cell carcinoma

A

Rare subtype with elongated cells and resembles connective tissue cancers

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16
Q

Giant cell carcinoma

A

rare, huge, bizarre, multinucleated cells

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17
Q

sarcomatoid carcinoma

A

rare, mixture of spindle and giant cell carcinoma

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18
Q

pleomorphic carcinoma

A

rare, contains spindle or giant cell, and 10% are more highly diffenitated (eg, adenocarcinoma and squamous cell)

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19
Q

Sarcomas are

A

in connective and soft tissue (bone,cartilage,fat,muscle)

malignant tumours

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20
Q

Sarcomas appear as

A

a bulky mass

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21
Q

how are sarcomas named

A

resembles tissue type

and can also have a carcinosarcoma ( individual components remsembling them both)

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22
Q

sarcoma chararistics

A

grows by expansions
faster than carcinoma
angiogenesis is common
radioresistant

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23
Q

treatment options for sarcoas

A

surgery and chemotherapy

RT sometimes used

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24
Q

Sarcoma grading

A

assigned a grade based on presence and frequency of certain cellular and subcellular characteristics associated with the malignant biological behavior

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25
Q

Low grade sarcoma treatment

A

Usually surgically

sometimes rt and chemo

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26
Q

intermediate/high grade sarcoma treatment

A

frequently with combination surgery, chemo and rt

treated more aggressively as they will likely undergo metastasis

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27
Q

sarcomas common in adults

A

Leiomyosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
Gastrointestinal Stromal tumour

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28
Q

common in children and young adults and is high grade

A

Ewing’s Sarcoma

osteosarcoma

29
Q

Leukaemias and Lymphomas

A

occur in bone marrow and lymph nodes
mesoderm cells
malignant

30
Q

Leukaemias subdivisions

A

acute and chronic and then divided based on which blood cells are affected

31
Q

treatment for lukemia

A

chemo, only rt if late stage disease or prophylactic treatment

32
Q

acute leukaemia is

A

rapid increase of immature blood cells, immediate treatment is required as it accumulated and spills into the bloodstream and spread all over the body

33
Q

acute leukaemia is most common in

A

children

34
Q

Chronic leukaemia is

A

build up of relatively mature abnormal, white blood cells

slow progression months to years

35
Q

chronic leukeamis most common in

A

older people

36
Q

Blood cell subdivisions

A

Lymphocytic
Lymphoblastic
Myeloid
Myelogenous

37
Q

Lymphocytic

Lymphoblastic occurs because

A

cancer changes in the marrow that produces lymphocytes ( immune fighting cells )

38
Q

Myeloid

Myelogenous

A

Cancer changes the marrow that forms normal red blood cells, some other types of white blood cells and platelets

39
Q

what is a Lymphocytic acute leukaemia

A

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

40
Q

what is a Lymphocytic chronic leukaemia

A

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

41
Q

what is a myeloid acute leukaemia

A

Acute Myelogenour leukaemia

42
Q

what is a myeloid chronic leukaemia

A

chronic myelogenous leukaemia

43
Q

4 other types of leukaemias

A

hairy cell leukaemia
T-cell prolymphoctyic leukaemia
Large grandular ymphocytic leukaemia
Adult t-cell leukaemia

44
Q

Lymphoma is

A

a blood cancer where b or t lymphocytes divide faster than normal cells or live longer

45
Q

where does lymphoma form

A

lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, blood or other organs, eventually forming a tumour

46
Q

how does a lymphoma present

A

enlargment of a node

47
Q

how is lymphoma treated

A

chemo

sometimes rt and bone marrow transplant

48
Q

types of lymphomas

A

Hodking’s disease

Non-hodgkins disease

49
Q

Extra nodal lymphoma sites

A 
tonsils
skin
brain
bowel
bone
50
Q

signs and symptoms of lymphomas

A

swelling of lymph nodes
b symptoms - fever, night sweats, weight loss
other : loss of appeitite, fatigue, dyspnoea, itching

51
Q

Gliomas tumour begin

A

starts in brain or spine arising from glial cells

52
Q

gliomas appear

A

bulky on imaging

53
Q

how do gliomas grow

A

expand and grow through local invasion

54
Q

Astrocytomas

A

glioma
astorcytes
glioblastoma multiforme is malignant grade 4
most commom among adults

55
Q

ependymomas

A

ependymal cells

glioma

56
Q

oligodendrogliomas

A

glioma

oligodendrocytes

57
Q

brainstem glioma

A

glioma

develops in brain stem

58
Q

optic nerve glioma

A

glioma

develops in or around optic nerve

59
Q

mixed gliomas

A

oligoastrocytomas
glioma
containc cells from different types of glia

60
Q

low grade glioma

A

well differentiated
better prognosis
benign tendencies
uniform rate of recurrence + increase grade over time

61
Q

High grade glioma

A

undifferntiated

carry worse prognosis

62
Q

headache symptoms of gliomas

A

headaches after waking up - CSF accumlates in head, increasing pressure on brain from CSF and tumour = headache

63
Q

symptoms of brain gliomas

A

headahces
vomiting
seizures
crainial nerve disorders

64
Q

symptoms of optic nerve glioma

A

lose of vision

65
Q

spinal cord glioma symptoms

A

pain, weakness, numbness, or numbness in extremities

66
Q

gliomas spread

A

metastasis via CSF not through blood

67
Q

Treatment of gliomas

A

vary depending on location and malignancy

often combined approach

68
Q

spinal cord glioma treatment

A

surgery and radiation

69
Q

Why is temozolomide an effective chemo drug for gliomas

A

only drug that can cross the blood-brain barrier effectively

Radiation Therapy and Oncology 1 (RADT123)(2021) (18 decks)

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