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Pharmacology II > Sulfas > Flashcards

Sulfas Flashcards

1
Q

What are the intermediate acting sulfas?

A

Sulfaimethoxine, Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfamethazine, Sulfadiazine

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2
Q

Why is sulfa (Albon) a common residue even after a withdrawal period?

A

Variation in elimination between ill and healthy animals

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3
Q

What are the long acting sulfas?

A

Sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethazine

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4
Q

What is the enteric sulfa? Which species should you use caution in? Why?

A

Sulfasalazine

Be careful in cats (especially with IBS/leaky gut) because of salicylic acid

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5
Q

What are the diaminopyrimidines?

A

Trimethoprim, Ormethoprim

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6
Q

What are come common combinations?

A

Trimethoprim/sulfa, ormethoprim/sulfa, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

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7
Q

Can you use sulfas in lactating dairy cattle?

A

Only approved use of sulfadimethoxine (most important), sulfabromomethazine, sulfaethoxypyridazine

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8
Q

Are sulfas soluble in solution?

A

Each sulfa has independent solubility in solution

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9
Q

Are sulfas acids or bases?

A

Weak acids

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10
Q

Are sulfas water soluble in acid form?

A

No

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11
Q

If you treat a sulfa with a strong base, what will it form?

A

Soluble, sodium salt

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12
Q

Are sulfa sodium salts acidic or basic? What is the pH? What’s the exception?

A

Basic 9 - 11

Sulfacetamide is neutral

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13
Q

Which sulfa is used an opthalmic solution? Why?

A

Sulfacetamide because it’s neutral

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14
Q

Is trimethoprim an acid or base?

A

Weak base (pKA 7.6)

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15
Q

Is trimethoprim water or lipid soluble?

A

Lipid

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16
Q

Why are sodium salts delivered IV only and never IM?

A

Very caustic due to alkalinity

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17
Q

What is the MOA of sulfas?

A

Sulfas compete with PABA for incorporation in to folic acid synthesis. Folic acid is necessary for purine synthesis. Decreases RNA and inhibits protein synthesis

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18
Q

What can cause sulfas decreased activity? Why?

A

cellular debris from folic acid is readily available from the environment

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19
Q

Why is it difficult to extrapolate lab susceptbility to clinical efficacy?

A

Cellular debris effect & bacterial-inoculum effect

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20
Q

Are Sulfas bacteristatic or bactericidal?

A

Static but can be -cidal when combined with trimethoprim

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21
Q

What happens when you combine a sulfa with a diaminopyrimidine?

A

Synergistic combo acting in bactericidal manner against susceptible microbes

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22
Q

What is the spectrum of sulfas (non- potentiated)?

A

++ in all quadrants & coccidia

23
Q

What is the spectrum for potentiated sulfas?

A

+++++

24
Q

Which organisms are resistant to generalized sulfas?

A

Mycobacterium, mycoplasma, Rickettsia, pseudomonas, spirochetes

25
Q

Which 2 organisms do potentiated sulfas gain efficacy against?

A

Mycobacterium, Norcardia

26
Q

Is resistance to sulfas common or uncommon?

A

Very common

27
Q

What route should sulfadimethoxine (Albon) be administered?

A

IV

Oral

28
Q

How is sulfadimethoxine given orally to food animals? Small animals?

A

Oral bolus or soluble powder for food animals

Tablets or oral suspension for small animals

29
Q

What is the name of the sulfa tablets given to dogs?

A

Primor

30
Q

How is Trimethoprim/Sulfadiazine administered?

A

IV

Oral paste/tablets

31
Q

Can you use TMP/Sulfadiazine in horses? Cattle?

A

Yes

NO

32
Q

What are the routes of administration for Sulfamethazine in food animals?

A 
Oral bolus for cattle
Top dress (granules or powder) for swine, cattle
33
Q

How is sulfachlorpyridazine administered?

A

IV in calves

Soluble powder in pigs/calves

34
Q

What is sulfasalazine? Can it be used in food animal?

A

Oral, enteric-coated tablets labeled for human use.

NO USE IN FOOD ANIMAL

35
Q

Are sulfas highly bioavailable?

A

Mostly

36
Q

Are sulfas variably in their bioavailability ot uniform? What may be some variables?

A

Variable across species, between sulfas in degree of protein binding & Vd and half-life

37
Q

What is the half-life in cattle for Sulfamethazine? Is it legal for use in cattle? Sulfamethoxazole?

A

680 minutes, yes?

140 minutes, no?

38
Q

What is a drawback to sulfamethoxazole in regards to its half-life?

A

Doesn’t stay above MIC long enough

39
Q

Why is it common to give a loading dose of sulfa?

A

To maintain above MIC for continued therapy

40
Q

What is the elimination method for sulfas?

A

Primarily hepatic via acetylation

Also renal excretion

41
Q

Are sulfas bacteristatic or cidal?

A

Static

42
Q

What is the efficacy of sulfas closely linked to?

A

Time above MIC

43
Q

What is a major change in efficacy when sulfas are combined with diaminopyridimine?

A

Become bactericidal

44
Q

Are there any sulfas that have veterinary derived breakpoints?

A

No, all human

45
Q

What is the most important adverse effect of sulfas in dogs?

A

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca after long-term therapy of sulfadiazine

46
Q

Other than KCS, what are some adverse effects on sulfas in dogs?

A

NEUTROPENIA, bone marrow depression, hypersensitivity, nonseptic polyarthritis, hepatic necrosis, thrombocytopenia

47
Q

What is a possible urinalysis finding of a dog on sulfas?

A

Crystalluria

48
Q

What is a GI problem with long term sulfas?

A

Enteric flora alteration

49
Q

Should any sulfas be given other than IV/oral in food animals? Why?

A

IM injection can cause extensive carcass blemish

50
Q

What is the association between sulfaquinoxaline and vitamin K? What is the issue?

A

Sulfaquinoxaline antagonizes vitamin K and can lead to hemorrhage in patients with bleeding disorders

51
Q

What is the association between thyroid hormone and sulfas?

A

Long term sulfa use may induce mild thyroid dysfunction

52
Q

Sulfas may be used in dogs once certain cases are ruled out, what are these cases?

A

History of KCS, liver disease, thyroid therapy, Dobermans (von Willebrand’s)

53
Q

Pyrimethamine is used in mares being treated for EPM. What are some issues associated with pyrimethamine?

A

Tetatogenic

Pharmacology II (15 decks)

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