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Pharmacology II > Gram + thumpers > Flashcards

Gram + thumpers Flashcards

1
Q

Which bacteria specifically are susceptible to Gram + thumpers?

A

Staph, Strep, Enterococci, MRSA, VRE

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2
Q

What are the gram + thumpers?

A

Cyclic lipopeptides, glycopeptides (vancomycin), oxazolidinones, streptogramins, polypeptides (Bacitracin), Mupirocin

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3
Q

Which form of vancomycin is in the KSU pharmacy?

A

Injectable

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4
Q

Which topical Gram + thumpers are in the KSU pharmacy?

A

Mupirocin, Bacitracin

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5
Q

What is the most commonly used glycopeptide?

A

Vancomycin

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6
Q

Can you use vancomycin in food animals? Why?

A

Nope, resistance

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7
Q

What is the MOA of vancomycin?

A

Inhibit cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis

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8
Q

Is vancomycin bacteristatic or bactericidal?

A

Cidal

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9
Q

Vancomcyin is primarily active against gram +…?

A

Aerobic cocci & bacilli

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10
Q

Vancomycin is considered the first line defense against?

A

MRSA

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11
Q

What does VRE stand for?

A

Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci

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12
Q

What does VRSA stand for?

A

Vancomycin resistant staph aureus

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13
Q

Is vancomycin well absorbed orally?

A

No, only given IV

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14
Q

What is a drawback of IV administration?

A

irritating

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15
Q

Why is vancomycin administered slowly?

A

To avoid Redman syndrome which is large release of histamine

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16
Q

Vancomycin is thought to be synergistic against gram+ cocci with aminoglycosides, what do you need to be concerned about? Especially if what disease is present?

A

Ototoxicity

Renal impairment

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17
Q

Is vancomycin a nephrotoxin?

A

Yes

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18
Q

The streptogramin (Virginiamycin)is similar to which other abx? What is the concern with streptogramins concerning other abx?

A

Macrolides & lincosamides (MLS)
Cross resistance

GROUP B ONLY (not A)

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19
Q

Are streptogramins bioavailable?

A

No

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20
Q

What is the main spectrum for virginiamycin?

A

Gram + and anaerobic bacteria

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21
Q

When might you use Synercid (streptogramin)?

A

Enterococci resistant to vancomycin/macrolide/linosamide
Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to B-lactams/macrolides
MRSA

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22
Q

What is the MOA of polypeptides (Bacitracin)?

A

Inhibition of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell wall

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23
Q

What spectrum is bacitracin activity limited to?

A

gram +

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24
Q

What other 2 abx is bacitracin often combined with for topical use?

A

Aminoglycosides & polymixin B

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25
Q

Is bacitracin used in food animals? Labeled as what?

A

Yes as growth promotant

Also swine dysentery

26
Q

What is the major adverse effect of bacitracin?

A

Highly nephrotoxic

27
Q

Why is bacitracin only used topically or orally & not systemically? Is it well absorbed via either of these routes?

A

Highly nephrotoxic

No

28
Q

Which bacteria is mupirocin used for?

A

Staphylococcus & streptococcus

29
Q

Is mupirocin used to treat MRSA?

A

Used to be for nasal carriage in humans but resistance

30
Q

Why is mupirocin only for topical use?

A

Rapid metabolism after systemic administration

31
Q

What is a reported side effect of mupirocin?

A

Epidermal necrolysis after intranasal application

32
Q

What is Bambermycin used for primarily?

A

Growth promotant

33
Q

What is Fosfomycin primarily used for?

A

UTI in small animal

34
Q

What is unique about Fosfomycin in regards to VRE?

A

Effective against VRE

35
Q

In which patients would Fosfomycin be contraindictaed?

A

Metabolic acidosis

36
Q

Are there safety studies for Fosfomycin in veterinary medicine?

A

No

37
Q

What are the 2 ionophores?

A

Monensin, Lasalocid

38
Q

What is the MOA of ionophores

A

Complexes with cell-wall Na & causes export of K and H+ to be pumped in which drops pH.

39
Q

How are ionophores growth promotants?

A

Drops population of gram + population in rumen which shifts lactic acid production towards proprionic acid production

40
Q

How do ionophores affect fog fever (AIP?)

A

Decreases fromation of 3-methylindole

41
Q

Which bacteria are ionophores active against?

A

Gram + & coccidia

42
Q

Other than growth promotion what are ionophore used for?

A

Anti-coccidial

43
Q

Which species will die from eating ionophores? What muscle does it affect?

A

Horses, cardiac muscle necrosis

Sheep, skeletal muscle

44
Q

What is the LD50 of monensin in horses?

A

2 -3 mg/kg

45
Q

What is a potent antitubercular drug that is used in vet med for Actinomyces bovis?

A

Isoniazid

46
Q

Which drug is used as a long term maintenance of refractive UTI in dogs?

A

Methenamine

47
Q

Can you use Nitrofurans (DMSO) in food animals?

A

NO

48
Q

What are nitrofurans (DMSO) used for?

A

UTI

49
Q

Do nitrofurans have good bioavailability?

A

No, almost 0

50
Q

Why are nitrofurans banned in food animals?

A

Mutagenic & procarcinogenic

51
Q

What is the MOA of novobiocin?

A

Inhibits DNA supercoiling by inactivating DNA gyrase

52
Q

How are pleuromutilins (Tiamulin) administered?

A

Feed or water

53
Q

What bacteria is Tamulin active against?

A

Actinomyces pleuropneumoniae, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

54
Q

What is a concern with systemic administration of polymyxin B?

A

Nephrotoxic
neuromuscular blockade
CNS toxicity

55
Q

Can polymyxin B be used to bind endotoxin?

A

Yes, at a low dose

56
Q

Do polymyxins affect gram - or gram + bacteria?

A

gram -

57
Q

What is the spectrum of Carbadox?

A

Gram +, Clostridia, Serpulina hyodysenteriae

58
Q

Why is Carbadox banned in the UK?

A

Carcinogen in lab animals

59
Q

Carbadox is allowed in the USA in what animal? What is the withdrawal period?

A

Swine

42 days

60
Q

Rifampin is used to treat what in people? Vet med?

A

Tuberculosis in people

Rhodococcus equi in vet med

61
Q

Which gram - strain is susceptible to rifampin?

A

Brucella

62
Q

Rifampin may cause a change in the color of body fluids to what color?

A

Orange

Pharmacology II (15 decks)

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