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Pharmacology II > Phenicols > Flashcards

Phenicols Flashcards

1
Q

What are the phenicols?

A

Chloramphenicol

Florfenicol

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2
Q

Can you use chloramphenicol in horses? Cattle?

A

Yes

NO FOOD ANIMALS EVER

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3
Q

Are phenicols water or lipid soluble? What is the Vd?

A

Lipid soluble

Very high Vd

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4
Q

Chloramphenicol is the parent of? Which is the parent of?

A

Thiamphenicol

Florfenicol

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5
Q

What is the MA of phenicols?

A

Protein synthesis inhibition

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6
Q

Why must chloramphenicol be carefully used in human and veterinary medicine?

A

Aplastic anemia by inhibiting protein synthesis in bone marrow

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7
Q

Is aplastic anemia dose related?

A

Yes except 1 in 25k people will die due to fatal aplastic anemia & is not dose related

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8
Q

Why should use give patients gloves with chloramphenicol?

A

Liability

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9
Q

Why can you not use chloramphenicol in food animals?

A

Aplastic anemia in people

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10
Q

What is the spectrum of phenicols?

A

Anaerobe: +++++
Gram + Aerobe: +++++
Gram - Aerobe: ++

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11
Q

Are phenicols effective against pseudomonas?

A

Not anymore (resistance)

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12
Q

What are some advantages of florfenicol vs chloramphenicol?

A

Greater in vitro potency against most pathogenic organisms. Activity against Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus

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13
Q

What is florfenicols relation to BRD?

A

Active against M. haemolytica, P. multocida, H. somni

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14
Q

Which unique organisms are resistant to phenicols? Which unique organism is susceptible?

A

Mycobacterium, Nocardia

Leptospira is susceptible

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15
Q

Which routes of administration are available for Chloramphenicol?

A

Oral tablets/capsules

Powder for injection

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16
Q

Which routes of administration are available for florfenicol?

A

IM/SC injectable for cattle

Oral for swine

17
Q

What is the route of elimination of phenicols?

A

Hepatic via conjugation with glucuronic acid

18
Q

Why are elimination times longer in fetuses and neonates?

A

Deficient in glucuronyl transferase activity

19
Q

Why must you be careful when administering chloramphenicol to a dog on phenobarbital?

A

Choramphenicol reduces glucuronide conjugation and oxidative pathways in liver which reduces hepatic clearance of phenobarbital. Dog will be comatose!

20
Q

What is efficacy of chloramphenicol dependent on?

A

Time above MIC

21
Q

What is a concern in patients with renal or liver disease?

A

Accumulation of chloramphenicol

22
Q

What is grey baby syndrome? Which species are we particularly worried about?

A

Circulatory collapse due to inability to conjugate or excrete conjugate.

Kittens

23
Q

Will chloramphenicol interfere with vaccine response from distemper vaccine? Why would it?

A

No

Immune suppression via bone marrow inhibition

24
Q

In vitro studies have shown decreased phagocytosis of what bacterial species when chloramphenicol is administered?

A

Staph aureus

25
Q

Can you use florfenicol in dairy cattle? Why?

A

Not older than 20 months because there is no withdrawal period

26
Q

Florfenicol used to be used in dairy cattle using the beef cattle liver residue. What changed?

A

FSIS said that a lactating dairy cow or veal calf was not on label so there is no tolerance for residues.

27
Q

What is the FARAD recommended sluaghter withdrawal time for a cull dairy cow? Beef cow?

A

90 days vs 38 days

28
Q

What are some adverse effects of florfenicol?

A

Inappetance, decreased water consumption, diarrhea

29
Q

Why should you never use florfenicol in horses? Why?

A

Can cause serious GI disturbance because gut flora is greatly altered

30
Q

Can florfenicol cause immune suppression like what was proposed for chloramphenicol?

A

Cattle vaccinated with modified live IBR did not change in immune response when treated with florfenicol but there was decreased phagocytosis and decreased survivability

Pharmacology II (15 decks)

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