General Review Flashcards by Isabelle Withrock

Which drugs are banned for use in food animals?

Chloramphenicol
Dimetridazole
Clenbuterol
Ipronidazole
Diethylstilbestrol
Nitroimidazole
Glycopeptides

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Which Fluoroquinolones may be used in food animals and for what?

Danofloxacin & Enrofloxacin for BRD in beef
Enrofloxacin for BRD in dairy < 20 mo
Enrofloxain for swine respiratory disease & colibacillosis

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Can cephalosporins be used extralabelly in food animals?

Yes if it has a label regimen in major food animal species

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Which cephalosporin can be used in any extralabel manner?

Cephapirin

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Which is the only sulfonamide approved for dairy cattle over 20 months?

Sulfadimethoxine

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Which abx are eliminated primarily renally?

B-lactams (Pen G, cephalosporin), aminoglycosides (Neomycin, Kanamycin), Streptogramins, Tetracycline (OTC, TC), Fluoroquinolones (Enrofloxacin)

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Which abx are eliminated primarily hepatic?

Doxycycline (also gut), Macrolides (erythromycin), Chloramphenicol, Diaminopyrimidine

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Which abx are eliminated mixed renal & hepatic?

Lincosamides (Clindamycin), Sulfas, Metronidazole

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Drugs of choice for mycoplasma

Tetracyclines
Tulathromycin (macrolide)
Fluoroquinolones
Spectinomycin

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Drugs of choice for campylobacter

Erythromycin, azithromycin

Fluoroquinolones

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Drugs of choice for Enterobacteriaceae

Aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, Extended penicillins (ticarcillin), 3rd & 4th generation cephalosporins, Carbapenems (meropenem), potentiated sulfas

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Drugs of choice for lepto

Amoxicillin, doxycycline/tetracycline, Maybe macrolide (erythromycin)

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Drugs of choice for anaerobes

Pen G, cefotaxime (3rd), cefoxitin (2nd), macrolides, clindamycin, chloramphenicol/florfenicol, metronidazole, pradofloxacin

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Drugs of choice for pseudomonas

Amikacin, Piperacillin, fluoroquinolones, ceftazidime (3rd), Cefipime (4th), carbapenems (meropenem)

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Drugs of choice for staph

Amox/clav, oxacillin, 1st cephalosporin (cefapirin), Cefepime (4th), Clindamycin, potentiated sulfas, fluoroquinolones, Gram + thumpers (vancomycin/bacitracin/mupiricin)

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Drugs of choice for rickettsia

Tetracyclines

Maybe fluoroquinolone

Drugs of choice for Rhodococcus equi

Erythromycin/Rifampin

Clarithromycin/rifampin

Name the Oral abx

Cefadroxil, cephalexin (1st)
Cefpodoxime (3rd)
Amoxicillin
Tetracyclines
Erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin
All fluoroquinolones
Clindamycin
Chloramphenicol/Florfenicol
Metronidazole
Sulfadimethoxine

Lipid soluble abx that can target specific tissues

Ceftazidime/ceftriaxone for CNS
Chloramphenicol/florfenicol
Cephalexin for eye
Fluoroquinolones
Azithromycin/clarithromycin
Trimethoprim/sulfa

Why is doxycycline very lipid soluble but not used for systemic treatment?

High protein binding

Which abx are bactericidal?

B-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones

What is efficacy of B-lactams linked to?

Time above MIC

What is efficacy of aminoglycosides linked to?

Concentration peak

What is the efficacy of fluoroquinolones linked to?

AUC dependent

Which abx are toxic or lethal to cats and how?

Chloramphenicol and grey baby syndrome (circulatory collapse) in kittens Sulfasalazine due to salicylic acid Oral tetracyclines due to colic, hair loss Doxycyclne/Clindamycin: esophageal stricture Clindamycin: pulmonic toxoplasmosis Enrofloxacin: retinal degeneration, phototoxicity Imipenem: CNS toxicity Aminoglycosides: vestibular ototoxicity Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid: inappetance Metronidazole: seizures

Which abx are toxic/lethal to dogs and how?

Metronidazole induced seizures Sulfa: polyarthropathy Sulfa: KCS Sulfa: hepatotoxicity Fluoroquinolones: damage to articular cartilage, lower seizure threshold Chloramphenicol: coma from reduce phenobarbital metabolism Imipenem: CNS toxicity Aminoglycoside: Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity Cephalexin: lower seizure threshold Erythromycin: vomiting

Which abx have toxic or lethal effects to a horse and how?

IV doxycycline: Fatal Enrofloxacin: articular cartilage damage GI upset: florfenicol, oral tetracyclines, erythromycin, lincosamides, ceftiofur, K Pen G Monensin: cardiac toxicity

Which abx are lethal to non-ruminant herbivores?

Penicillin, Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, Macrolides, Lincosamides

Which abx are most irritating when given IM?

Tetracyclines, Macrolides, Sulfas, Enrofloxacin to uterus/joints

Which abx have human toxicity potential?

Chloramphenicol | Tilmicosin

What is the final determination of breakpoints & interpretive criteria based on?

PK/PD parameters, scattergram data, clinical effectiveness in study