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Y4 FA - Small ruminants > Sudden Death, Clostridial Diseases, and Notifiable Disease > Flashcards

Sudden Death, Clostridial Diseases, and Notifiable Disease Flashcards

1
Q

List some causes of sudden death in neonatal (less than one week old) lambs

A
  • Congenital issue
  • Birth Trauma (rib fractures, dystocia)
  • Starvation
  • Hypothermia
  • Clostridial Disease
  • Meningitis
  • Septicaemia
  • Watery mouth
  • Predators
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2
Q

List some causes of sudden death in older lambs

A
  • Clostridial disease
  • Pasturellosis
  • Urolithiasis
  • PGE
  • Fluke
  • Rumen acidosis
  • Plant poisoning
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3
Q

What are the effects of Clostridial disease in older lambs?

A
  • Pulpy kidney
  • Braxy
  • Abomasitis
  • Tetanus
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4
Q

List some causes of sudden death in adult sheep

A
  • Hypocalcaemia
  • Hypomagnesaemia
  • Fluke
  • Plant poisoning
  • Pasteurella
  • Clostridial disease
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5
Q

When does plant poisoning usually occur?

A

When there is a lack of other food available - starvation, snow/frosty conditions

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6
Q

Name some common plants that cause toxicity

A
  • Yew
  • Acorn
  • Laurel
  • Rhododendron
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7
Q

How is plant poisoning diagnosed?

A

PM
History
Field inspection

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8
Q

What is the cause of pneumonic pasteurella?

A

Mannhaemia haemolytica

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9
Q

Mannhaemia haemolytica is a normal bacteria found in which part of the body?

A

Nasopharynx

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10
Q

Pneumonic Pasteurella is a disease associated with what other risk factors?

A
  • Poor colostrum status
  • Stress e.g transport, weather change, secondary infection, acidosis, housing, poor ventilation, PGE
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11
Q

How is pneumonic pasteurellosis treated?

A

long acting oxytetracycline, amoxicillin

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12
Q

How is pneumonic Pasteurella controlled?

A

Vaccination
* Primary course to lambs from 3 weeks age
* Booster pre-lambing
* Ewes during pregnancy protection of neonatal lambs as well

Address risk factors

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13
Q

Name the agent that causes systemic pasteurellosis

A

Biebersteinia trehalosi

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14
Q

Describe the disease seen with systemic pasteurellosis

A

Sudden death approx. 6-10 month old lambs
Stress of handling gathering may worsen

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15
Q

Clostridial diseases are associated with what factors?

A
  • Poor hygiene
  • Injury/trauma/insult/wounds
  • Endoparasites
  • Changes in diet
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16
Q

What causes Clostridial organisms to multiply rapidly?

A

Anaerobic micro-environments in tissues -> rapid multiplication -> toxin production

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17
Q

How are Clostridial diseases diagnosed and prevented?

A
  • Diagnosis: history and post-mortem findings
  • Prevention: vaccination and hygiene
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18
Q

What causes enterotoxaemia in clostridial disease?

A

Dietary change and over consumption concentrate feed

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19
Q

What diseases are caused by clostridium perfingens B, C and D?

A

B = lamb enterotoxaemia dysentry
C = struck enterotoxaemia
D = pulpy kidney disease

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20
Q

Blacks disease hepatotoxic (with fluke) is caused by?

A

Clostridium novyi

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21
Q

Clostridial disease that leads to myonecrosis and toxaemia occurs due to?

A

Contamination of wounds
- Lambing
- Castration/ Tail docking
- Injections
- Fighting injuries

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22
Q

Name the two diseases caused by neurotropic clostridial disease

A

Botulism
Tetanus

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23
Q

Describe botulism and its cause

A

Clostridium botulinum C
- Pasture contaminated poultry manure
- Flaccid paralysis and death
- Very rare in sheep

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24
Q

Describe tetanus and its cause

A

Clostridium tetani
- Spastic paralysis
- Wounds
- Often not sudden death

25
Q

Lamb dysentery is caused by?

A

C perfingens type B

26
Q

At what age are lambs affected by dysentery?

A

Under 3 weeks old

27
Q

Describe the clinical presentation of lamb dysentery

A
  • Sudden death
  • Severe abdominal pain, bloody diarrhoea
28
Q

What would be found on the PM exam of a lamb with dysentery?

A

Haemorraghic enteritis, blood-stained fluid body cavity and pericardium

29
Q

C perfingens type D causes which disease?

A

Pulpy kidney

30
Q

At what age are lambs affected by pulpy kidney disease?

A

4-10 weeks old or finishing lambs 6 months plus

31
Q

How does pulpy kidney disease clinically present?

A
  • High levels concentrate feed
  • Sudden death
  • May see ataxia, opisthotonus
32
Q

How does pulpy kidney disease present on a PME?

A

P.M changes to kidneys, blood stained fluid body cavity

33
Q

Clostridium sordelli causes which disease?

A

Abomasitis and Toxaemia

34
Q

How does abomasitis and toxaemia present?

A
  • 4-10 weeks old
  • Intensive, concentrate fed lambs
  • Sudden death
  • Or bloat due to displaced and distended abomasum
35
Q

Contamination of docking and castration wounds can lead to which infection?

A

Tetanus vis clostridium tetani

36
Q

How does tetanus present clinically?

A

Stiffness (hindlimbs), recumbency, opisthotonus and death

37
Q

Cl novyi type B causes which disease?

A

Blacks disease

38
Q

Blacks disease occurs secondary to?

A

Fluke infection

39
Q

What would be seen on the PME of a sheep infected with Cl novyi type B?

A

Blood-stained fluid body cavity, necrotic liver, fluke present

40
Q

How can you control Clostridial diseases on farm?

A
  • Hygiene
  • Clean equipment, Clean needles
  • Avoid injecting wet/ muddy sheep
  • Clean wounds and antibiotics where required
  • Care when concentrate feeding
41
Q

How can the Clostridial vaccine be used to protect lambs?

A
  • Protect breeding ewe simultaneously protect lamb through colostrum by vaccinating her about 4 weeks before lambing annual booster
  • Need to start own vaccination course from 3 weeks old
42
Q

When approaching sudden death cases on farm what information should be gathered in the history?

A
  • One or many affected
  • Clinical signs of any others in group
  • Age
  • Season
  • Proximity to Lambing
  • Indoors or grazing
  • Changes in management
  • Weather changes
  • Recent treatments including anthelmintics
  • Vaccination history
  • Recent gathering or handling
43
Q

When approaching sudden death cases on farm what information should be gathered in the history?

A
  • One or many affected
  • Clinical signs of any others in group
  • Age
  • Season
  • Proximity to Lambing
  • Indoors or grazing
  • Changes in management
  • Weather changes
  • Recent treatments including anthelmintics
  • Vaccination history
  • Recent gathering or handling
44
Q

When approaching sudden death cases on farm what should be done on the farm visit?

A
  • Observe others in group
  • Environment: Feed quality / quantity, Access to poisons (plants or lead), Ventilation
  • Clinical examination of live sheep: BCS, Anaemia, Bloat, Abdom pain
45
Q

Name 5 notifiable diseases in sheep

A
  • Anthrax
  • Blue tongue
  • Contagious agalactiae
  • Foot and mouth
  • Scrapie
46
Q

A ‘soft tar’ splenomegaly found on PME is seen with what disease?

A

Anthrax

47
Q

Name the vector of bluetongue

A

Culicoides imicola

48
Q

Describe the clinical signs of bluetongue

A
  • Fever
  • Mouth ulcerations (drool saliva)
  • Mucus from nose and eyes
  • Swelling head and neck and coronary band
  • Lameness
  • High mortality
49
Q

How is bluetongue controlled?

A
  • Vaccination program
  • Notifiable to APHA
  • International surveillance and risk assessment
50
Q

Contagious agalactia is a serious disease syndrome of sheep and goats that is characterised by what signs?

A

Mastitis, arthritis, keratoconjunctivitis and, occasionally, abortion

51
Q

What are the clinical signs of contagious agalactiae?

A
  • Weight loss
  • Swollen joints
  • Abortion
  • Yellow and separated milk
  • Shriveled or swollen udders
  • Less milk yield
  • Swollen or infected eyes
  • High temperature
52
Q

Name the agent that causes contagious agalactiae

A

Mycoplasma agalactiae

53
Q

How is contagious agalactiae diagnosed?

A

Bacterial culture and PCR milk
Conjunctival and ear swabs
Joint fluid

54
Q

Describe the clinical presentation of foot and mouth in sheep

A
  • Highly infectious
  • Spread, direct between animals, air- borne, fomites
  • Lameness
  • Blisters on tongue
55
Q

What are some DDx for foot and mouth in sheep

A
  • Orf
  • Bluetongue
  • Trauma
  • CODD
  • Foot abscess
56
Q

The UK is required to test every how long for TSE in fallen stock/abbatoirs?

A

Annually

57
Q

What is illegal to feed to ruminants as part of TSE food controls?

A

Animal protein

58
Q

As part of TSE controls what is classified as specialised risk material at abattoirs?

A

Brain, spinal cord and spleen removed in sheep over 6mo

Y4 FA - Small ruminants (18 decks)

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