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Y4 FA - Small ruminants > Diseases of the Peri-parturient Ewe I > Flashcards

Diseases of the Peri-parturient Ewe I Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 metabolic diseases linked to nutrition around lambing time

A
  • Pregnancy toxaemia or twin lamb disease
  • Hypocalcaemia
  • Hypomagnesaemia
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2
Q

Name 3 problems that can affect around lambing time

A
  • Mastitis
  • Dystocia (over feeding)
  • Maternal behaviour
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3
Q

Name 3 possible causes of lamb mortality/morbidity

A
  • Low lamb birth weight
  • Poor colostrum
  • Poor milk production
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4
Q

What are the weaning and tupping BCS of ewes?

A

Weaning = 2-2.5
Tupping = 3-3.5

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5
Q

What is flushing?

A

If you increase feed to ewes before mating and increase BCS by 0.5 you will improve number eggs produce

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6
Q

What are the feeding principles of ewes during early to mid pregnancy?

A
  • Early pregnancy embryo implants and early development- no sudden changes
  • Mid Pregnancy - placenta develops maintain BCS or lose 0.5 units
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7
Q

What happens if ewes are underfed in early to mid pregnancy?

A

Small placenta - low lamb birth weights

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8
Q

Why is nutrition in the last 6 weeks of gestation so important?

A

70 percent of fetal growth is occurring
The mammary system is developing

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9
Q

What are some aims of feeding in late pregnancy?

A
  • Support foetal growth
  • Support mammary tissue development and colostrum production
  • Maintain ewe health- prevent pregnancy toxemia (ketosis).
  • Ensure the birth of strong, healthy, lambs of proper birth weight
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10
Q

Give some examples of different feeding groups ewes may be placed in

A
  • Scan ewes singles, twins, triplets
  • Body condition score
  • Lambing dates
    Young ewes separate
    Pen size/ stocking rates
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11
Q

Describe the feed ration of a ewe in late pregnancy

A
  • Good quality forage (hay or silage) ad lib
  • Concentrate requirements calculated based on that
  • Maximum 1kg per day and 0.5kg per feed (Too much then risk of SARA)
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12
Q

Describe why trough space is important to consider in ewe nutrition?

A
  • Fat get fatter thin get thinner
  • Forage adlib 15-20 cm per ewe
  • But sheep different sizes so actually what is important is concentrates all sheep feed at once
  • Forage (ad lib) 1/3 sheep feed at once
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13
Q

Name some ways of monitoring ewe nutrition in late pregnancy

A
  • Body Condition Score
  • Ewe Health
  • Metabolic Profiles
  • Monitor BOHB, albumin, urea, in bloods 3 weeks before lambing
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14
Q

At what age do lambs start to eat grass and at what age are they weaned?

A
  • Lambs start eating grass 6 weeks age
  • Weaned about 12-16 weeks old
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15
Q

What are some causes of thin ewes?

A
  • Poor nutrition
  • Teeth
  • Age
  • Concurrent disease e.g worms, fluke. lameness
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16
Q

Name some features that could affect the quality of forage

A
  • Wet, acidic, Spoiled, Mouldy, Low feed value (stalky)
  • Inadequate quantity
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17
Q

What are some issues surrounding fat ewes?

A
  • More prone to pregnancy toxaemia
  • More likely to have dystocia
  • More likely to prolapse
  • Oversized lambs have a higher mortality
  • Fat is expensive to put on
18
Q

What is pregnancy toxaemia?

A

Energy deficiency
Hypoglycaemia (low blood glucose)
Hyperketonaemia (high blood ketones – due to mobilisation of body reserves in excess)

19
Q

Name some of the risk factors for pregnancy toxaemia

A

Late Pregnancy (last 6 weeks)
Thin ewes (<BCS 2.0)
Fat ewes (>BCS 4.0)
Stress
Broken mouth
Concurrent disease (fluke, worms)
Multiple fetuses
Inadequate diet
Change in diet

20
Q

What are some clinical signs of pregnancy toxaemia?

A
  • Separate from group – dull, depressed
  • Inappetant
  • Central blindness (Positive PLR negative menace)
  • Tremors face and ears
  • Hyperaesthesia: twitchy when touched
  • Other neuro disturbances (head pressing, star gazing, persistent drinking)
  • Progress to recumbency
  • Death 0-10 days
21
Q

How can pregnancy toxaemia be diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs
Beta-Hydroxybutyrate blood test
- BOHB >1.1 mmol/l abnormal/subclinical
- BOHB >3 mmol/l clinical signs

22
Q

How can pregnancy toxaemia be treated?

A
  • Early if hope of recovery hypoglycaemia brain damage
  • Separate, provide highly palatable feed
  • i.v glucose 50-100ml 40% dextrose
  • Calcium supplementation (i.v or s.c as per hypocalcaemia)
  • NSAIDs (meloxicam)
23
Q

What are some considerations if you have a ewe with pregnancy toxaemia that isn’t improving?

A
  • Consider stage of pregnancy, viability of lambs welfare of ewe
  • Abort ewe/Induce labour after 135 days pregnancy with 16mg dexamethasone
  • Caesarean
  • PTS
24
Q

What flock management needs to occur when ewes have pregnancy toxaemia?

A
  • Review nutrition urgently
  • Separate out thin or older ewes (susceptible ewes supplementary feeding)
  • Ad lib treacle/molasses
25
Q

How can pregnancy toxaemia be prevented?

A
  • Ensure adequate feeding
  • Feed according to number of foetuses
  • Body condition score
  • Avoid sudden changes/ stress last 6 weeks pregnancy
  • Monitor for ketone body levels in blood (Beta hydroxy butyrate) 2-3 weeks before lambing.
  • Don’t keep old broken mouth ewes
  • Manage concurrent disease (fluke, parasites, lameness etc….)
26
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of hypocalcaemia in ewes

A
  • Increased demand of foetus and colostrum production for calcium
  • Ability to absorb calcium for gut and kidneys,
  • Mobilise calcium from bones
  • Mediated by Parathyriod Hormone and 1,25 hydroxy vitamin D
27
Q

How might hypocalcaemia be stress induced?

A
  • Handling, gathering for vaccinations etc.
  • Change in diet pasture, snow, water deprivation
28
Q

Name 3 other non-stress risk factors for hypocalcaemia

A
  • Acidosis cereal diet
  • Older ewes
  • Rapid growing lush pasture
29
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypocalcaemia in ewes?

A
  • Initial Weakness and excitement
  • Progress to recumbent
  • Dilated pupils, constipated, bloated, comatose, death
30
Q

How can hypocalcaemia diagnosis be confirmed?

A

Pre-treatment blood sample for calcium, response to treatment

31
Q

How is hypocalcaemia treated?

A
  • Slow i.v 40- 80ml 20% (20-40ml of 40%) Calcium borogluconate = Rapid response
  • Sub cut 1ml/kg 20%CaBG (50-100ml) warm = Slow response
32
Q

‘Staggers’ is also known as?

A

Hypomagnesaemia

33
Q

Describe the history of a ewe with Hypomagnesaemia

A
  • Post lambing, peak lactation
  • Lush grass or bare pastures
34
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypomagnesaemia?

A
  • Rapid onset, neurological symptoms
  • Excitable, tremors, convulsions death
  • Found Dead
35
Q

Describe the treatment for hypomagnesaemia

A
  • 40ml-80ml 20% calcium i.v
  • 20ml -40ml 25% Mg So4 s.c
35
Q

Describe the treatment for hypomagnesaemia

A
  • 40ml-80ml 20% calcium i.v
  • 20ml -40ml 25% Mg So4 s.c
36
Q

Name some differential diagnosis of Sick/Recumbent ewe at lambing time

A

Hypocalcaemia
Pregnancy toxaemia
Hypomagnesaemia
Listeria
Mastitis
Metritis
Bloat
Pasturellosis
Poisoining
Acidosis

37
Q

Name the disease being described
- Central blindness
- Seen in late pregnancy only
- Normothermic
- Ewe separate from group

A

Pregnancy toxaemia

38
Q

Name the disease being described
- Vision intact, PLRs slow
- Constipation
- Hypothermic
- Usually seen in late pregnancy
- sternal recumbency with neck stretched out

A

Hypocalcaemia

39
Q

Name the disease being described
- Vision intact, hyperesponsive
- Horizontal nystagmus
- Hyperthermic
- No constipation
- Twitchy, hypermetric gait

A

Hypomagnesaemia

40
Q

Ketones in breath, urine and blood correlates to which disease?

A

Pregnancy toxaemia

Y4 FA - Small ruminants (18 decks)

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