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Y4 FA - Small ruminants > Diseases of the neonatal lamb 2 > Flashcards

Diseases of the neonatal lamb 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Joint ill is usually seen in lambs of what age?

A

2-3 wks old

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2
Q

How does joint ill in lambs present?

A

Sudden onset lameness
Single or multiple joints affected
Swelling on the joint

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3
Q

Name the bacterial cause of joint ill in lambs

A

Streptococcus dysgalactiae

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4
Q

What are the possible sources of infection for joint ill?

A

Teats
Milk
Dirty wool
Dirty pens
Cutaneous - umbilicus, docking, castration, tagging

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5
Q

How is joint ill treated?

A

Penicillin in early cases – long course
Euthanasia in later cases

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6
Q

How is joint ill prevented?

A

Colostrum, hygiene, navel dipping, farm specific risk factors

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7
Q

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie is one cause of…?

A

Infectious arthritis (joint ill) in lambs

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8
Q

What are the clinical signs of infectious arthritis in lambs?

A

Polyarthritis (fibrinous)
Pyrexia
Lameness

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9
Q

Infectious arthritis affects lambs at what age?

A

6wks to 6mo

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10
Q

What is the source of infection of infectious arthritis (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie)?

A
  • Faeces, urine, saliva, nasal secretions
  • Bedding, soil, water, food, equipment
  • skin wounds: castration and docking sites
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11
Q

How is infectious arthritis treated?

A

Penicillin daily for 5 days… +
NSAIDs

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12
Q

Naval ill is also known as?

A

Omphalophlebitis

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13
Q

Describe what naval ill is

A

Ascending infection leading to abscessation of the navel

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14
Q

What are the possible sequelae of naval ill?

A

Peritonitis
Liver abscessation
Systemic infection
Polyarthritis
Endocarditis

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15
Q

How is the liver affected in naval ill?

A

Hepatic necrobacillosis with Fusobacterium necrophorum

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16
Q

How does Hepatic necrobacillosis with Fusobacterium necrophorum appear on PM?

A

2-10mm diameter white spots on liver

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17
Q

How is naval ill prevented?

A
  • Total immersion of the navel in strong veterinary iodine within 15 minutes, Repeated 2-4 hours later
  • Good hygiene practices
  • Colostrum
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18
Q

How is naval ill treated?

A

Penicillin
Amoxicillin

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19
Q

Name 3 trace element and vitamin deficiencies that affect lambs

A

Iodine deficiency
Copper deficiency and sway back
White muscle disease

20
Q

How does iodine deficiency present in lambs?

A
  • Goitre in newborn lambs
  • Late abortions
  • Minimal fleece in live lambs
21
Q

How can iodine deficiency be confirmed on PM?

A
  • Histopathology of the thyroid gland
  • Thyroid gland weight >0.4 g/kg live weight
22
Q

How can iodine deficiency in lambs be prevented?

A

Ewe supplementation
- oral dosing 8 and 4wks before lambing

23
Q

How does copper deficiency present in lambs?

A
  • Swayback
  • Fine head tremor
  • Osteoporosis
  • Tendon abnormalities
  • Depigmentation of coloured wool
24
Q

How can copper deficiency be diagnosed?

A
  • Clinical signs
  • Histopathology or brain and spinal cord
  • Liver copper conc
25
Q

How is swayback/copper deficiency treated?

A

Euthanasia

26
Q

How can copper deficiency/swayback be prevented?

A

Supplementation of the ewe throughout pregnancy
- Injections of chelated copper
- Mineralised drenches – short term
- Mineral supplements – variable intakes
- Copper capsules and boluses – slow release copper

27
Q

What must be considered when preventing swayback?

A

Risk of copper toxicity

28
Q

White muscle disease is also known as?

A
  • nutritional muscular dystrophy
  • stiff lamb disease
29
Q

White muscle disease is caused by a deficiency of?

A

Vitamin E/Selenium

30
Q

What are the clinical signs/pathogenesis of white muscle disease?

A
  • Weak lambs with difficulty sucking
  • Degeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscle
31
Q

How is white muscle disease treated?

A

Potassium selenate and Vitamin E

32
Q

Name 3 congenital malformations of lambs that occur randomly due to genetic mutaion

A
  • Atresia ani
  • Schistosoma reflexa
  • Brachygnathia
33
Q

Describe atresia ani

A

Failure of the anus and sometimes the part or all of the terminal colon and or rectum to form properly

34
Q

Name a congenital malformation of lambs that can be inherited

A

Entropion

35
Q

What can occur as a result of entropion?

A

Severe keratoconjunctivitis and corneal ulceration, leading to perforation and blindness

36
Q

When investigating lamb morbidity/mortality what should be asked/identified/examined on a farm visit?

A
  • Examination of ewes and lambs
  • Identification of risk factors for disease
  • Weigh day old lambs
  • Test colostrum transfer
  • Pre-treatment faceal samples
37
Q

How is colostrum transfer tested?

A

Lamb plasma protein

38
Q

What are the adequate and inadequate values of colostrum transfer?

A

Less than 45g/L = inadequate
More than 60g/L = adequate
In-between = borderline

39
Q

When performing lamb post-mortems what should be done before opening the carcass?

A
  • Weight
  • Hardening of the feet
  • External staining e.g. meconium
  • Naval or joint swelling
  • Fleece: border disease
  • Deformities
40
Q

Excessive weight of a lamb suggests?

A

Dystocia

41
Q

Once the carcass is open on a lamb PM, what should be assessed in the abdomen and thorax?

A
  • Brown fat round the kidneys
  • Milk/colostrum in abomasum
  • Lung aeration indicates partum or post-partum death (does lung float/sink in water).
  • Hepatic rupture, thoracic, abdominal or meningeal haemorrhage (open up cranium and spinal canal) indicate dystocia.
  • Thyroid gland size
42
Q

Once the carcass is open on a lamb PM what are some signs of dystocia?

A
  • Swollen head /tongue
  • Meconium staining
  • Oedema head shoulders
  • Fracture limbs ribs
  • Free blood in carcase
  • Haemorrhages
43
Q

Once the carcass is open on a lamb PM what are some signs of hypothermia/starvation?

A
  • No brown fat
  • Minimal body fat
  • No milk in abomasum
44
Q

Describe the importance of selecting breeding flock to reduce lamb mortality

A

Ewe selection at Pre- tupping check
- Fit healthy, no mastitis, not lame, not broken mouth, not old
- Good mothers
- Low dystocia

Ram Selection
- Low dystocia
- Vigorous lambs

45
Q

How can the environment be managed to reduce lamb mortality?

A
  • Housing
  • Stocking Density
  • Group size and constitution
  • Good ventilation
  • Dry Clean bedding hygiene
  • Clean and disinfect lambing pens between sheep
  • Separate off ill ewes, ill lambs
  • Provide shelter in fields
46
Q

Describe lamb care management to reduce lamb mortality

A
  • Lamb hygiene: wear gloves
  • Dip navels twice in iodine
  • Don’t castrate first 24 hours
  • Ensure adequate colostrum
  • Ewes and lambs clostridia/pasteurella vaccinated
  • Disinfect all feeding equipment/ stomach tubes/tagging equipment / lamb warmer boxes between lambs

Y4 FA - Small ruminants (18 decks)

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