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Y4 FA - Small ruminants > Neurological Disease In Sheep > Flashcards

Neurological Disease In Sheep Flashcards

1
Q

What questions should be asked when gathering the history for a neurological case?

A
  • Age group
  • Number affected
  • Speed of onset
  • Speed of progression
  • Time of year
  • Feeding
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2
Q

Once the history has been gathered what are the next steps in a neurological case?

A

Full clinical exam
Neurological exam

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3
Q

If the cerebrum is affected the stage of disease correlates with?

A

The severity of the signs

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4
Q

What are some signs you would see which would correlate with a diffuse cerebral lesion?

A
  • Altered mental state i.e. depressed, disorientated, hyperexcitable
  • Blindness
  • Seizures
  • Opisthotonus
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5
Q

What is Opisthotonus?

A

D dramatic abnormal posture due to spastic contraction of the extensor muscles of the neck, trunk, and lower extremities that produces a severe backward arching from neck to heel
* Recumbant
* Extended front legs flexed hind legs

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6
Q

Name 3 example causes of a diffuse cerebral lesion

A
  • Bacterial meningitis
  • Cerebrocortical necrosis
  • Pregnancy toxaemia
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7
Q

What signs would you see that would correlate with a local cerebral lesion?

A
  • Contralateral blindness
  • Circling
  • Proprioceptive deficits
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8
Q

Name 3 example causes of a localised cerebral lesion

A
  • GID cysts (coenuris cerebralis, Taenia multiceps)
  • Brain abscess
  • Trauma
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9
Q

What signs would you see that would correlate with a cerebellar lesion?

A
  • Altered head carriage
  • Balance: ataxic, but not weak
  • Wide stance
  • Dysmetria
  • Intention tremor including nystagmus
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10
Q

What is a congenital cause of a cerebellar lesion?

A

Cerebellar hypoplasia

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11
Q

What is an infectious case of cerebellar lesions?

A

Border disease
- Cerebellar hypoplasia

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12
Q

What signs would you see that would correlate with a lesion of the vestibular system?

A
  • Head tilt towards the affected side
  • Loss of balance
  • Circling
  • Falling/rolling to one side
  • Spontaneous nystagmus
  • Middle ear infection
  • Unilateral facial nerve paralysis
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13
Q

Which condition leads to lesions in the brainstem?

A

Listeriosis

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14
Q

What signs would you see that would correlate with a brainstem lesion?

A
  • Depression
  • Multiple cranial nerve deficits
  • Ipsilateral hemiparesis
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15
Q

What signs would you see that would correlate with a spinal lesion?

A
  • No signs of central disease
  • Depends on site of spinal cord
  • Tetraparesis/ paraparesis
  • Proprioception
  • Skin sensation
  • Pain
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16
Q

What are some possible causes of spinal lesions?

A
  • Trauma
  • Congenital abnormality
  • Spinal abscess e.g. joint ill tick pyaemia
  • Wobblers syndrome in Texel’s
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17
Q

List some possible causes of neurological diseases that could affect lambs from 0-3months old (9 possible)

A
  • Border disease
  • Congenital swayback (copper deficiency)
  • Drunken lamb disease
  • Bacterial meningitis
  • Spinal abscess
  • Listeriosis
  • Louping ill
  • Tetanus
  • Trauma
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18
Q

How would a lamb with bacterial meningitis present?

A

Collapsed

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19
Q

If a lamb was circling with facial paralysis which disease would be indicated?

A

Listeriosis

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20
Q

Which neurological disease of young lambs is tick borne?

A

Louping ill

21
Q

What are the clinical signs of louping ill?

A
  • Head pressing
  • Trembling & tremors
  • Nystagmus
  • Lip twitching etc
  • “louping gait”
22
Q

List some possible causes of neurological diseases that could affect lambs from 3+ months

A
  • Cerebrocortical necrosis
  • Listeriosis
  • GID
  • Louping ill
  • Trauma
23
Q

What is the cause of cerebro-cortical necrosis?

A

Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency

24
Q

What is a likely history for an animal with cerebro-cortical necrosis?

A

Diet change or worming
Thiaminase production in rumen

25
Q

What are the clinical signs of cerebro-cortical necrosis?

A
  • Dull
  • Disorientated
  • Blind
  • Tremors
  • Recumbency
  • Opisthotonus
  • Convulsions
26
Q

How can cortico-cerebral necrosis be treated?

A
  • Vitamin B1 iv (slow 10mg/kg)
  • Vit B1 i/m every 12 hours For 3 days
  • House quietly
  • Vision should return 5- 7 days
27
Q

Name the agent that cause listeriosis

A

Listeria monocytogenes

28
Q

Listeriosis is associated with what kind of feeding?

A

Feeding poorly preserved silage soil that has gone mouldy

29
Q

What is the pathway in the body of a listeria infection?

A

An ascending infection to the brainstem

30
Q

What are the clinical signs of listeriosis?

A
  • Anorexia, depression
  • Unilateral hemiparesis
  • Trigeminal nerve paralysis
  • Facial nerve paralysis
31
Q

What signs are seen with trigeminal nerve paralysis caused by listeriosis?

A

Salivation
Food impaction in the cheek

32
Q

What signs are seen with facial nerve paralysis caused by listeriosis?

A

Drooped ear
Drooped lower eyelid
Deviated muzzle
Loss of blink

33
Q

How would you diagnose listeriosis?

A
  • Clinical signs
  • CSF tap
  • PM
34
Q

How can you treat listeriosis?

A
  • Good prognosis if caught early
  • Remove silage
  • Benzylpenicillin IV
  • Procaine penicillin IM
  • Dexamethozone IV
35
Q

What is the cause of gid?

A

Taenia multiceps

36
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of taenia multiceps

A
  • Eggs picked up by sheep, cysts develop in brain cerebral, cerebellar (Coenoris cerebralis)
  • Primary host dog
37
Q

What are the clinical signs of taenia multiceps infection?

A

Gradual onset
Circling
Unilateral blindness (opposite to lesion)
Head tilt
Skull softening

38
Q

What is the treatment and prognosis of taenia multiceps?

A
  • Surgical
  • Signs depend on site of lesion
  • Cerebral – good prognosis
  • Cerebellar – poor
39
Q

How can flocks be controlled to manage Taenia multiceps?

A
  • Worm dogs every 6 weeks praziquantel
  • Keep away from sheep carcasses
40
Q

Vestibular disease is commonly misdiagnosed as?

A

Listeriosis

41
Q

What are the clinical signs of vestibular disease?

A
  • Loss of balance
  • Head tilt towards the affected side
  • Horizontal nystagmus
  • Aural discharge
  • Facial nerve paralysis
42
Q

How is vestibular disease treated?

A

5 days of penicillin

43
Q

List some possible causes of neurological diseases that could affect adult sheep

A
  • Gid cyst
  • Listeriosis
  • Brain abscess
  • Louping ill
  • Trauma
  • Metabolic disease
44
Q

Compare the neurological clinical signs in the following 3 metabolic diseases in adult pregnant sheep
1. Pregnancy toxaemia
2. Hypocalcaemia
3. Hypomagnesemia

A
  1. Dull, blind
  2. Collapsed, bloated, flaccid paralysis
  3. Staggers, hyperaesthesia
45
Q

Define classical scrapie

A
  • Infectious neurological disease of sheep
  • Fatal chronic progressive, brain disease of sheep
46
Q

Describe the aetiology of scrapie

A
  • Causes abnormal protein to accumulate especially in brain causing neurological dysfunction
  • Spread mother to offspring (vertical transmission) prenatally and colostrum and milk
  • Horizontally birth fluids, placenta
  • Considerable Genetic Variation in Susceptibility to Infection
47
Q

What are the clinical signs of scrapie?

A
  • Progressive Fatal Neurological disease
  • Long incubation period: 2-5 years old
  • Single animal
  • Altered mental state excitable nervous depressed, aggressive
  • Trembling
  • High step ataxia
  • Recumbency
  • Skin prurititus, rubbing scratching, wool loss
  • Weight loss
  • Death
48
Q

What should you do if scrapie is suspected?

A

Notifiable Report to AHVLA
Test animal - If positive
- Compulsory Scrapie Flocks Scheme
- Movement Restriction, Genotyping, Testing and Culling

49
Q

How is pregnancy toxaemia diagnosed and treated?

A

Diagnosis –BOHB levels blood
Treatment – poor prognosis unless early

Y4 FA - Small ruminants (18 decks)

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