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Y4 FA - Small ruminants > Diseases of growing lambs > Flashcards

Diseases of growing lambs Flashcards

1
Q

What are some common clinical problems in growing lambs?

A

Poor growth
Diarrhoea
Sudden death
Respiratory disease
Trace element deficiencies
Lameness
Neurological disease
Skin disease

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2
Q

Name some DDx for diarrhoea in lambs

A

Nematodirus battus
PGE
Coccidiosis
Cryptosporidium
Acidosis
Clostridium
E.coli
Salmonella

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3
Q

Clostridium perfingens type B causes which condition in lambs?

A

Lamb dysentery

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4
Q

Clostridium perfingens type D causes which condition in lambs?

A

Pulpy kidney

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5
Q

What are the clinical signs of cryptosporiosis in lambs?

A
  • Affects lambs aged 3-7 days old
  • Profuse diarrhoea with blood
  • Dehydration
  • Fatal
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6
Q

How is cryptosporiosis in lambs diagnosed?

A
  • Stained faecal smear
  • PM histopathology
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7
Q

How is cryptosporiosis in lambs treated?

A
  • Supportive: house, keep with dam
  • Oral fluids
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8
Q

How can cryptosporiosis in lambs be prevented/controlled?

A
  • Use different fields/housing for lambing and calving
  • In outbreak move to fresh pasture
  • Put newborn animals to clean pasture
  • Improve hygiene throughout the farm indoor
  • Improve lamb resilience - nutrition
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9
Q

Name some risk factors for coccidiosis in growing lambs

A
  • high stocking rates
  • inadequate colostrum
  • mixed ages
  • stress
  • concurrent infection e.g. Nematodirus
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10
Q

What are the clinical signs of coccidiosis?

A
  • 4-8 week old lambs
  • clinical diarrhoea
  • fever, weight loss, death
  • poor growth
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11
Q

How is coccidiosis in lambs diagnosed?

A

Faecal samples

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12
Q

How is coccidiosis in lambs treated?

A
  • Supportive
  • Oral fluids
  • Drugs: Vecoxan or Baycox
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13
Q

How is coccidiosis in lambs controlled/prevented?

A
  • hygiene of pens and feed troughs
  • decrease stocking rates
  • improve colostrum intakes
  • batch rearing to avoid grazing younger and older lambs on the same pasture
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14
Q

What is the cause of acidosis in growing lambs?

A

Consumption of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates (grain, bakery waste)

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15
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of acidosis in lambs

A
  • Fall in rumen PH
  • Lactic acid production
  • Rumenitis
  • Metabolic acidosis
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16
Q

What are the major consequences of acidosis in lambs?

A

Liver abscessation, fungal rumenitis and death

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17
Q

Describe the clinical signs of acidosis in lambs

A

Dull, depressed, reluctant to move, teeth grinding, bloat, ataxia
Dehydration, no rumen sounds, diarrhoea

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18
Q

How can acidosis in lambs be diagnosed?

A
  • Rumenocentesis pH<5.5
  • PM exam
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19
Q

How can acidosis in lambs be treated?

A
  • IV fluids
  • Oral fluids
  • Penicillin
  • Hay
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20
Q

What IV fluids are most appropriate to give to a lamb with acidosis?

A

Isotonic saline plus bicarbonate

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21
Q

What are the DDx of bloat in lambs?

A
  • Hypocalcaemia
  • Peritonitis
  • Ascites
  • Uroperitoneum
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22
Q

What are the clinical signs of a lamb with lamb nephrosis syndrome?

A
  • 2-12 weeks old
  • Loss of condition
  • Diarrhoea
  • Standing around water troughs due to increased thirst
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23
Q

How can lamb nephrosis syndrome be diagnosed?

A
  • Raised urea and creatinine
  • Hyperkalaemia
  • Decreased albumin to globulin ration
  • PM exam
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24
Q

How will lamb nephrosis syndrome present on PM exam?

A

Pale, swollen kidneys due to toxic tubular necrosis

25
Q

How is lamb nephrosis syndrome treated?

A

No treatment has been found to have any effect, lambs tend to waste away and die within about a week and consequently euthanasia is preferred

26
Q

What is cobalt used for in the body?

A

Vitamin B12
RBC development
Amino acid synthesis
Energy and metabolism

27
Q

What are the clinical signs of cobalt deficiency?

A
  • Weight loss
  • Anaemia
  • Slow growth
  • Debility
  • Weight loss
  • Watery eye discharge
28
Q

How is cobalt deficiency treated?

A
  • Group treatment
  • Cobalt rumen bolus
  • Oral drenches
  • Vit B12 injections
  • Cobalt in creep feed
29
Q

What are the functions of selenium?

A

Anti-oxidant
Immune function

30
Q

Which condition is caused by selenium deficiency in lambs?

A

White muscle disease

31
Q

What are the signs of white muscle disease in lambs?

A

ill thrift
weakness, collapse, lame

32
Q

How is selenium deficiency treated?

A

Oral, injectable , bolus, selenium salts

33
Q

Describe iodine deficiency in lambs

A
  • Deaths, weakness illness in new born lambs
  • Late abortions
  • Ewe deficient due to problem with pasture
  • Lambs thyroid goitre
  • More susceptible to other neonatal diseases
34
Q

Copper deficiency in lambs causes which condition?

A

Swayback

35
Q

When does copper deficiency need to be treated?

A

During pregnancy - deficient ewes need to be treated

36
Q

What is the cause of acute copper poisoning?

A

Ingestion of large amounts

37
Q

What is the cause of chronic copper poisoning?

A

Ingestion over a period of time

38
Q

How does chronic copper poisoning present?

A

Intravascular haemolysis and jaundice

39
Q

What are the clinical signs of copper poisoning?

A

Ataxic, head pressing, jaundice, haemoglobinuria, recumbency and death

40
Q

How is copper poisoning treated?

A
  • Sodium calcium EDTA
  • Supportive therapy
  • Group
  • Remove feed source
41
Q

Name 3 bacterial cases of respiratory disease in lambs

A
  • Mycoplasma spp
  • Mannheimia haemolytica
  • Pasteurella multicidia
42
Q

Mannheimia haemolytica occurs secondary to?

A

Change in diet, worms, ticks, housing, poor ventilation, stress of handling, bad weather

43
Q

What are the clinical signs of Mannhaemia haemolytica?

A

Pyrexia, mucopurulent nasal discharge, cough, increased respiratory rate, depth, dyspnoea death

44
Q

How does Mannheimia haemolytica present on a PM exam?

A

AV consolidation on lung tissue

45
Q

How is Mannheimia haemolytica treated?

A

Long acting antibiotic e.g. oxytetracycline, amoxicillin

46
Q

How can Mannheimia haemolytica be prevented?

A

Heptavac P
Ovipast

47
Q

Describe the clinical signs of Mycoplasma pneumonia in lambs

A
  • Chronic disease
  • Cough
  • Slight nasal discharge
  • Increased RR and depth
  • Dyspnoea
  • Seen in housed, over-stocked lambs
48
Q

How is Mycoplasma pneumonia diagnosed in growing lambs?

A
  • History and CS
  • BAL
  • PM exam
49
Q

How is Mycoplasma pneumonia treated?

A

Oxytet LA/ macrolides (consider group)

50
Q

What is the spp of lungworm in lambs?

A

Dictyocaulus filaria

51
Q

Describe the signs on lungworm in lambs

A
  • Lambs are pasture
  • Summer/autumn
  • Coughing
  • Increased RR and depth
52
Q

How is lungworm diagnosed?

A

Larvae in faeces - Baermann test

53
Q

How is lungworm treated and managed?

A
  • Anthelmintics
  • NSAIDs
  • Move to a low risk pasture
54
Q

Describe the two common presentations of poor growth in lambs

A
  • A small number never grown normally (and never likely to)
  • A large number which have grown normally initially, then had a specific condition
55
Q

What are some DDx for the whole batch of lambs doing well but have one or two growing poorly?

A
  • Low birth weight
  • Border disease
  • Congenital problem
  • Neonatal infection
  • Inadequate milk/nutrition
56
Q

What are some DDx for a whole group of lambs having poor growth?

A
  • Inadequate nutrition
  • Parasitic disease especially anthelmintic resistance
  • Trace element deficiencies
  • Pneumonia
  • Lameness
  • Orf, scab
57
Q

How should poor growth be investigated i.e. what needs to be considered?

A
  • Main clinical signs observed
  • Time of year
  • Breed
  • Singles, twins, triplets
  • Diet
  • Signs of disease
  • Worming history
  • Coccidiosis history
58
Q

How should poor growth be investigated when looking at the farm history i.e. what needs to be considered?

A
  • Main clinical signs observed
  • Time of year
  • Breed
  • Singles, twins, triplets
  • Diet
  • Signs of disease
  • Worming history
  • Coccidiosis history
59
Q

How can poor growth be investigated diagnostically?

A
  • Work out growth rates if possible (assume 4kg BW and weigh average bunch now- give DLWG)
  • Samples: FEC, coccidia, fluke, BS trace elements, test for AH resistance
  • Abattoir feedback
  • Monitor lamb weight
  • Assess grazing e.g. grass sword height, quality

Y4 FA - Small ruminants (18 decks)

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