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Y4 FA - Small ruminants > Diseases of the Peri-parturient Ewe 2 > Flashcards

Diseases of the Peri-parturient Ewe 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 aims of the live ewe at the time of the lambing period?

A

o Fit and able to feed and rear her lambs
o Able to breed again next year
o Suitable for cull

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2
Q

Name some problems for the ewe during the lambing period?

A
  • Metabolic/nutritional diseases
  • Prolapses
  • Dystocia
  • Mastitis
  • Metritis
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3
Q

Name some key features of dealing with dystocia

A

o Wear gloves
o Keep Clean as Possible
o Lots of lubrication
o Use NSAIDS
o Use EPIDURALS
o Use ANTIBIOTICS – 5 days
o Give Lamb Colostrum

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4
Q

When is a simple embryotomy performed?

A

When there are dead lambs that cannot be delivered per vaginum

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5
Q

Describe the steps of a simple embryotomy procedure

A

o Lots of lubrication
o Remove fore limbs
o Cut through skin round leg above carpus then up towards the elbow
o Undermine attachment shoulder to chest wall
o Pull leg off
o Repeat

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6
Q

When looking at the history of a farm, if deaths are dystocia related than what needs to be looked at?

A
  • Age of ewes
  • Breed of ram
  • BCS of ewes
  • Lambing hygiene
  • Pen hygiene
  • Staff numbers and training
  • Lambing techniques
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7
Q

Name 5 indications of a caesarean section

A
  • oversized lamb
  • ring womb
  • vaginal prolapse
  • foetal monster
  • malpresentation
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8
Q

What is ring womb?

A

Failure of the cervix to dilate

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9
Q

What are some contra-indications for a caesarean section?

A
  • Rotten lamb
  • Smelly fluids
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10
Q

When giving antibiotics post c-section, how many days of coverage should they provide?

A

5

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11
Q

Which NSAID can be given to sheep for a c-section?

A

Meloxicam
- Cascade from cattle

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12
Q

Describe the anaesthetic options for a c-section

A
  • Local procaine infiltration
  • Inverted L block
  • Paravertebral T3-L3 block using procaine
  • Sarco-coccygeal epidural
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13
Q

Describe how to find the incision location for a caesarean section in sheep

A

Last rib and wing of the ileum halfway down
10-15cm below the transverse process

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14
Q

Describe the steps of performing a caesarean section

A
  • 15cm incision in the skin and subcutaneous tissue
  • External internal abdominal oblique and then lift transverse muscle, peritoneum before incising, don’t puncture rumen
  • Grasp uterine horn and exteriorise
  • Incise 10-12 cm (scissors)
  • Remove lamb
  • Check for other/s
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15
Q

During a caesarean section, once the lambs are removed, describe how you would close up the uterus layer

A

Suture the uterus with a continuous inverting pattern using catgut

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16
Q

During a caesarean section, once the lambs are removed, describe how you would close up the muscle layer

A

Simple continuous suture
Catgut

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17
Q

During a caesarean section, once the lambs are removed, describe how you would close up the skin layer

A

Forwards interlocking or simple interrupted
Nylon

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18
Q

What are the clinical signs of metritis?

A
  • Dull, depressed, recumbent
  • Toxaemia congested mm
  • Red/brown or purulent vaginal discharge
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19
Q

How is metritis treated?

A

Antibiotics e.g. oxytetracycline
NSAIDS

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20
Q

How can metritis be prevented?

A

Review lambing hygiene measures (gloves)
Dystocia management
Environmental hygiene
Clostridial vaccination

21
Q

When is vaginal prolapse most common in sheep?

A

Last 4 weeks of pregnancy

22
Q

What are some causes of vaginal prolapse?

A
  • Prolific breeds
  • Litter size
  • Age
  • History: up to 40% will re-prolapse
  • Nutritional factors
  • Stocking rates
  • Lack of exercise
23
Q

Give 3 nutritional factors that can increase the likelihood of vaginal prolapse

A
  • Obesity
  • Hypocalcaemia
  • Poor quality forages
24
Q

How can vaginal prolapses be treated?

A
  • Retention devices
  • Harnesses
  • NSAIDs
  • Antibiotic
25
Q

What are the disadvantages of retention devices for vaginal prolapses?

A
  • Discomfort
  • Irritation of mucosa
  • Secondary infection
26
Q

Describe an epidural anaesthesia for a vaginal prolapse

A
  • Sacrococcygeal or 1st intercoccygeal space
  • Give 1.75 ml 2% procaine for short action
  • Or 1.75 ml procaine + 0.25ml 2% xylazine for longer action (24h+)
27
Q

Describe the surgical procedure for a vaginal prolapse

A

Replace the prolapse
- Gently palm of hand
- Raise back end of ewe
Suture
- Obstetrical tape not suture material
- Purse string (leave 1.5cm opening)
- Buhner
Mark ewe, remove sutures before lambing

28
Q

How can vaginal prolapses be prevented?

A
  • Review and address farm risk factors
  • Cull
29
Q

How would you manage a ewe with prolapsed intestines through the vaginal wall?

A
  • Fatal
  • Euthanase if seen alive
  • Occasionally may save lambs if seen alive
30
Q

Which kind of prolapses most commonly occurs post lambing?

A

Uterine
Cervix

31
Q

How does mastitis present at lambing?

A

Peracute and toxaemic

32
Q

How does mastitis present around weaning?

A

Peracute cases or chronic mastitis lumps in udder

33
Q

Name 4 consequences of mastitis in a herd

A
  • Ewe mortality
  • Ewe premature culling
  • Lamb mortality
  • Poor lamb growth
34
Q

When is Peracute/gangrenous/ toxic mastitis seen?

A
  • immediately post lambing
  • 4-8wks post lambing
35
Q

Describe the signs of peracute/gangrenous/ toxic mastitis

A
  • Ewe sick, toxaemia, tachycardia, rumen stasis, inappetant, lame, recumbent
  • Lambs hungry
  • Udder swollen, cold blue, clear boundary between diseased and healthy tissue, well eventually slough
  • Milk severely discolored
36
Q

When is acute mastitis seen?

A
  • immediately post lambing
  • 4-8wks post lambing during peak lactation
37
Q

What are the signs of acute mastitis

A
  • Ewe fever, lame, lambs hungry
  • Udder red, painful swollen
  • Milk abnormal appearance, discoloured, clots, watery
38
Q

What are the signs of chronic mastitis?

A
  • Ewe not systemically ill
  • Udder abscesses, swollen or light purulent discharge from teats
39
Q

When is chronic mastitis most commonly detected?

A

When ewe is dry at weaning or culling time when udder checked

40
Q

Name the bacteria found in the teat skin that causes mastitis

A

Staphylococcus aureus

41
Q

Name the bacteria found in the lambs mouth that causes mastitis

A

Mannheimia haemolytica

42
Q

Name two other causes of mastitis

A

E.coli
A.pyogenes

43
Q

Name three nutritional factors that make an animal more at risk of mastitis

A
  • Under nutrition in late pregnancy and lactation
  • Low BCS
  • Vit E/Selenium deficiency
44
Q

Name some risk factors for mastitis

A
  • Concurrent disease e.g. fluke
  • Multiple lambs
  • Age (older)
  • Udder confirmation
  • Teat lesions
  • Genetics
  • Hygiene
  • Milking practices
45
Q

How is gangrenous mastitis treated?

A

Euthanasia

46
Q

How is acute mastitis treated?

A
  • Systemic antibiotics based on culture and sensitivity
  • Strip udder
  • NSAIDs
  • IV fluids and supportive care
47
Q

Which antibiotic is first line for acute mastitis in sheep?

A

Amoxicillin

48
Q

How is chronic mastitis treated?

A

Culling

49
Q

Name some current areas of advice for mastitis prevention

A
  • Adequate ewe nutrition pre and post lambing
  • Wean lambs at 12-16wks abruptly
  • Control orf
  • Control fluke and worms
  • Dont turn ewes out with triplets
  • Cull ewes appropriately
  • Ensure good bedding hygiene

Y4 FA - Small ruminants (18 decks)

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